The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business Essay Example For Students

The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business Essay The brewery industry belongs to the fabrication sector under the Nigerian Stock Exchange ( This Day, 2011 ) . It dates back to over six decennaries with the birth of the innovator company ; Nigerian Breweries in 1949 with of star larger beer, followed by Guinness Nigeria in 1962 with Guinness stout. The major merchandises in the brewery industry are beer, stout and non-alcoholic drinks ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . For the intent of this paper, beer will be used to imply lager and stout. We will write a custom essay on The Brewery Industry In Nigerian Markets Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The industry experienced a roar in the seventiess due to the fledging oil industry and quickly increased from less than five n 1970 to over 30 by 1980 ( Obot, 2000 ) . The ownership of the houses in the industry are either public or state-owned with or without foreign partnership. There are challenges of high operational costs due to importing, expert-skilled labor, care of machinery and equipments. These challenges have lead to the closing of rather a figure of the smaller houses in the early 80s go forthing merely the big houses with strong fiscal base.. At present, there are 13 brewery ( Nigerian Custom Service, 2011 ) companies left with merely four listed under the Nigerian Stock Exchange ( This Day, 2011 ) . The industry is at the adulthood phase of its life rhythm but still remains one of the endeavoring industry in the Nigerian fabrication sector. It has a direct employment of over 30,000 forces and an indirect employment of over 300,000 1000 forces as a consequence of the houses supplying accessory services to the industry ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Nigerian Breweries and Guinness Nigeria are the two major participants in the industry with. Nigerian Breweries taking the market with approximately 65 % market portion while Guinness Nigeria follows with approximately 25 % . They both enjoy economic systems of graduated table and have good return on their investing ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Analysiss of Macro-environmental factors Every industry is affected by factors in the environment in which they operate. These factors which they have no direct control over, may either impact positively or negatively on the industry. The factors used for this analysis are Political, Economic, Social and Technology. Political The Nigerian political history after independency in 1960 has been characterized by a collection of military and civilian authoritiess. The military governments had adversely affected the existent sector, an illustration was the prohibition placed on importing of barley ; the natural stuff for production of beer, by the military authorities of Buhari in 1987 ( Porter A ; Phillips-Howard, 1994 ) . However the past 12 old ages of civilian authorities has witnessed comparative stableness in most parts of the state except for the jitteriness in the Niger Delta part, which has dwindled the state s rough oil gross. It is expected that the ongoing elections will successfully show in a new civilian authorities that will farther stabilise the civil order and make an enabling environment that will pull foreign investors and excite the resuscitation of the existent sector ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Economic Nigeria operates a assorted economic system which encourages the co-existence of both the private sectors and the province in the market topographic point. It is an emerging economic system with possible economic power given the abundant resources. The state s economic system is good diversified along sectoral categorization with the oil sector accounting for over 80 % of its GDP, through rough oil export thereby doing its gross extremely susceptible to the vagaries of the tendencies in the international market ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The economic system is supported by a really resilient and purely regulated fiscal system that has gone through several reforms within the past decennary. While the exchange rate has been comparatively stable in the past two old ages, involvement rates have been closely regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria while attempts to convey rising prices rate below individual figure has been elusive. Other factors that have contributed to the rough economic clime in Nigeria are deficiency of power and unequal substructure. The period between old ages 2000 and 2010 has witnessed the closing of more than 850 industries. However, with the tendency of addition in the fabrication GDP over the past old ages ( i.e. 2008: 3.6 % , 2009: 4.2 % ) , it is expected that a stable terrain will go on to pull investors in old ages to come ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Social Nigeria with its population of about 150 million is a immense potency market for investors. The state is the 2nd largest beer market in Africa after South Africa. South Africa with a population of 47.9million harmonizing to 2007 statistical informations, has a beer ingestion per capita of 50 hectoliters while Nigeria has 10 hectoliters per capita. Industry operators are of the position that the bing houses capacity are non plenty to run into the demand of the market, and there is therefore room for enlargement ( Momoh, 2009 ) . .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .postImageUrl , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:visited , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:active { border:0!important; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:active , .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142 .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0bd1e6304137fd0febabd134f8d2e142:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sleep Disorders EssayNigeria is a diverse state with over 250 cultural groups. The population of the state gives a spiritual spread of Muslims ( 50 % ) , Christians ( 40 % ) and autochthonal faiths ( 10 % ) . The Muslims and Pentecostal Christians do non indulge in beer ingestion due to their spiritual beliefs ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) The above notwithstanding, beer ingestion remains a societal activity in Nigeria and the sale of the trade good has continued to increase from twelvemonth to year.. Technology The brewery industry is extremely capital intensifier. This accounts for the ground why the ownership construction is either public and/or state-owned with/without foreign partnership. The engineering for the industry, trim parts and expert technicians are non available in state and hence extremely dependent on foreign exchange. Guinness for illustration has Diego of Ireland as its foreign spouse ( Trade Invest, 2009 ) . The prohibition on importing of barley in 1987 necessitated the industry to settle for local replacement of corn and sorghum as natural stuffs for its production. The end point works transition to suit the new natural stuff input-mix cost Nigerian Brewery a humongous amount of 100million naira! ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . One of the major challenges confronting the industry is the care of equipments and machinery. The participants commit immense fiscal resources in engineering and ascents in order to stay competitory ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Analysis of Industry Competitiveness utilizing Porter Five Forces Industry fight is said to determined by dickering power of purchasers, power of providers, menaces of new rivals, menace of replacement merchandises and competition among existing houses. The profitableness of the industry is determined by these five Forces as they influence monetary values, costs and required investing ( Porter, 1985 ) . Dickering Power of Buyers Buyers create demand in the market and their bargaining power would stand for a strong competitory force if they have sufficient bargaining purchase to act upon and obtain monetary value grants and other favorable footings and conditions of sale ( Thompson et al, 2010 ) . In the instance of the brewery industry, consumers are scattered across specific parts in the state. Some provinces in the Northern portion of Nigeria do non allow the sale of alcoholic drinks due to spiritual beliefs. The monetary value snap demand for gross revenues of brewery merchandises is inelastic, an addition in monetary value may non hold a important impact on demand. A lessening in consumer disposable income may hold a little impact on demand, as purchasers may travel for cheaper trade names or replacement merchandises. The debut of a new merchandise into market that is non related to the brewery industry may vie with brewery merchandises for consumer disposable income. The debut of GSM service into the Nigerian market in 2003 created a serious competition for the brewery industry ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . The industry has good distribution webs, in fact, they are the purchasers in the industry as they control motion of the merchandises from the manufacturer to the retail merchants, and therefore find the monetary value of the merchandises to a certain extent. This unluckily does non let interaction between the manufacturers and the consumers, nevertheless the participants in the industry particularly the two large participants strive to keep contact with their consumers by advertizements, publicity of events and besides sponsorships of assorted programmes and activities ( Jernigan A ; Obot, 2006 ) . Dickering Power of Suppliers Suppliers in the industry include distributers of natural stuffs, constituents and finished merchandises. Such constituents include bottles, crown corks, labels e.t.c. These services are outsourced because the Nigerian jurisprudence does non allow the brewery houses to bring forth them ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . There are more distributers and providers than bing brewery houses in being. The natural stuffs and constituents being uniform give the makers the luxury to take their providers at will ( Equity Research study, 2006 ) . Nigerian Breweries entirely has about 147 distributers and jobbers within the state ( Famurewa A ; Orekoya, 2008 ) . However the distributers may present a menace to the industry during industrial actions. Menace of new Entrants Harmonizing to Porter, the menace of new entrants will impact the profitableness of an industry ( Porter, 1985 ) as the officeholders may be forced to take down their monetary values in order to deter new entrants thereby cut downing profitableness. In the Nigerian Brewery industry, some factors which help to raise barrier to entry include capital demands, legal costs, economic systems of graduated table, distribution webs ( oppapers.com, 2011 ) . Nigerian Breweries and Guinness both have foreign proficient spouses who provide the needful proficient and fiscal aid ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The other companies are chiefly public or province owned and are localised within their part. There were no new entrant into the concern, until 2009 when SABMiller a South African company came on watercourse with the acquisition of Peabody Breweries and Standard Breweries. SABMiller scheme in deriving portion of the market portion was to bring forth low cost beer for a section of the market who could non afford the premium trade name of the bing market. However Nigeria Breweries was already bring forthing such through Consolidated Breweries one of its subordinate ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .postImageUrl , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:visited , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:active { border:0!important; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:active , .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1027d9328f2ada0c68f9f774f5987bfd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mercent of Venice EssayMenace of Substitute The handiness of replacement may impact an industry s profitableness as consumers may make up ones mind to exchange to a utility merchandise ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . In Nigeria the ingestion of traditional drinks such as burukutu, palm vino and ogogoro has a cultural affinity among consumers in the rural and urban countries. Other possible replacements include alcoholic drinks such as vino, brandy, vodka and non alcoholic drinks such as malt, juice, soft and energy drinks. The alcoholic drinks are known to be consumed by a higher section of the society ( Jernigan A ; Obot, 2006 ) , while the non-alcoholic drinks are to aim the non-beer consuming spiritual groups. Beer nevertheless remains the drink of pick as some surveies carried out have shown its prevailing penchant over other alcoholic drinks ( Obot, 2000 ) . Beer is known to account for 96 % of alcoholic gross revenues in Nigeria ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . Intensity of Rivalry among existing houses This is a step of the extent to which bing houses compete among each other for clients, this could be monetary value and non-price based ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . In the industry as mentioned earlier, competition is between the two major participants, nevertheless there are no monetary value wars as the merchandises are differentiated and monetary value differences are undistinguished. The industry produces 22 trade names of laager and 4 trade names of stout besides other non-alcoholic drinks, Nigerian Breweries dominates the market in the larger ( Star ) section while Guinness dominates the stout ( Guinness ) section ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . For non-priced based competition, the two companies compete on merchandise inventions, such as packaging, stigmatization and advertizements. Consumers have witnessed invention of packaging from bottle to can and sip-it battalions. Summary of Five Forces A sum-up of the five forces is herewith presented in the tabular array below utilizing cardinal drivers and attendant consequence on industry ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Table 1 Outline1 Force2 Key drivers3 Consequence4 Company5 Gross ( 2009 ) m6 Market portion7 Market share^2 Force Key drivers Consequence Power of purchasers Concentration is high, no bargaining purchase Low Power of providers Suppliers more than Manufacturers Low Menace of replacement Increased growing in replacement industry High Menace of new Entrant High barrier to entry Low Intensity of competition Two major rivals Moderate Overall analysis Moderate SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis will be used to mensurate an organisation s strengths and failings, chances and menaces in the industry on a four cell chart ( Dibb et al, 2006 ) . Figure 1 Strength Economies of graduated table Strong fiscal base Experience High staff turn-over Inflexible engineering Cost Control Failing Opportunity Technology Market growing Good distribution web Govt statute law Continued low border Failure to capture mkt growing Menace ( Dibbs et al, 2006 ) Recommendations With strength and chance, an organisation in the industry can capitalise by enlargement or acquisition of weaker houses. An organisation with chance and internal failing should watch the market easy and explicate a scheme to construct on its failing. A weak organisation confronting menace should take the strategic turn-around required, by go outing the concern or let itself to be taken over by a bigger house. An organisation with strength but confronting menace should utilize its strength to get the better of its failing ( Dibb et al, 2006 ) Hirschmann Herfindahl Index ( HHI ) HHI is a measuring of the concentration of an industry. It is measured by squaring the amount of the market portion within that industry. A HHI figure greater than 1800 connote an industry that is well concentrated ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Table 2 Company Gross ( 2009 ) m Market portion Market share^2 Nigerian Breweries $ 1,100 65 % 4,225 Guinness Nigeria $ 587.7 25 % 625 Others 10 % 100 Entire 4,950 ( Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011 ) . The HHI step gives a figure of 4,950 which shows a extremely concentrated industry be givening towards an oligopoly ( Boeing et al, 2008 ) . Decision The brewery industry has proved to be a sustainable concern in Nigeria with over six ( 6 ) decennaries of operation and holding survived old ages of unstable civil order, economic downswings and different authorities policy and reforms. The industry has been systematically dominated by Nigerian Breweries and Guinness and is unhappily apt towards oligopoly with the acquisition of five bing breweries by Nigerian Breweries ( allAfrica.com, 2011 ) . Nigeria is still considered one of the least penetrated beer market in the universe in footings of its demographic population of over 150million ( allAfrica.com, 2011 ) . More investors are decidedly welcome, nevertheless such investors will necessitate to perpetrate immense capital spending to construct workss or get existing houses and besides make a strong distribution web in order to vie with the bing houses. Beer ingestion is a win-win state of affairs, Nigerians drink when they are happy and wish to observe, they besides drink when they are sad or emotionally down. The brewery industry will therefore continue to bask a sustained growing in the state.

Symptoms And Factors Of Chlamydia Essays - Health, Medicine

Symptoms And Factors Of Chlamydia Essays - Health, Medicine Symptoms And Factors Of Chlamydia Symptoms and Factors of Chlamydia The sexually transmitted disease caused by microorganisms that live, as parasites within a cell would commonly be known as Chlamedia. These microorganisms have properties in common with both viruses and bacteria, and cause infection in humans. The causes and risk factors of the Chlamydia infection is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomas. It is to be the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United states with an estimated 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 people per year. (Even with the 2,000,000 people of gonorrhea, reported and unreported) The spread is higher among lower society groups and among teenagers. Chlamydia is very important because of the consequences of untreated infection. The importance of genital chlamydia infections is without symptoms until complications appear. Chlamydia: In men, chlamydia produces symptoms similar to gonorrhea. Chlamydia (female): Infection with chlamydia frequently leads to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can cause scarring of the Fallopian tubes and sterility. An estimated 20% of women who get PID will be infertile. Tubule wounds also increases the likelihood of a bad pregnancy (tubule pregnancy). If women are infected with chlamydia while pregnant the infection can cause premature labor and delivery. Plus the infant have a chance of Developing chlamydial conjunctivitis (eye infection) and a 15% chance of developing chlamydial pneumonia. A meaning of chlamydial infections do not cause symptoms; but when they are present; it is similar to those of gonorrhea. In men, this may include burning with urination, discharge from the end of the penis, tenderness or pain in the testicles and lower abdomen and fever and. Women may also have urinary burning, increased frequency, and a mild urethra discharge. Infection of the female reproductive tract can include the Bartholin ducts, vagina, cervix, endometrium, and fallopian tubes. Chlamydia can also cause rectal infections. There are three strains of chlamydia that are responsible for another sexually transmitted disease, and is called lymphogranuloma venereum. This disease is seen more in under developed countries but has gone worldwide. In the United States it is seen mostly in homosexual men. For the reason that Chlamydia infections is often found in conjunction with gonorrhea. People who are get with gonorrhea should also be evaluated for chlamydia infection. The national Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active adolescent girls and for other females who may be at high risk for the infection. People that are 25 years old don't use contraceptives all of the time and have new or multiple sex partners. They probably have signs of a possible cervical infection have previously had an STD. Females who are at risk because of their age and sexual activity need to get screened at least once a year. Other chlamydia experts have recently questione d whether that is even a lot. Based on a study experts had conducted in 1998, colleagues at Johns Hopkins University recently recommended a twice-yearly screening of sexually active female adolescents. In tracking more than 3,000 sexually active Baltimore high school girls for three years, they found that more than a quarter of them tested positive for chlamydia at least once in that time frame. By keeping with this test screening was recommended for pregnant women, also, because of the risk that their babies will become infected with chlamydia at birth. No screening was given to males. Because it could have been overlooked. There is a lot of chlamydia in men that we're missing, and they are a major reservoir of infection. Said the experts. We're really only putting a band-aid on the problem because, even if we're screening the women, some are going back to their partners and getting reinfected. There has been major progress in the treatment of chlamydia with antibiotics over the past few years. Common side effects of these treatments include diarrhea (7%), nausea (5%), abdominal pain (5%), and vomiting (2%). Once again a person can get and spread chlamydia through unprotected vaginal and anal sex. Preventing chlamydia means approaching sexual relationships responsibly: limit the number of your sex partners, use condoms, and if you think you are infected, avoid any sexual contact and visit a local STD clinic, hospital, or your doctor. Bibliography The Food and Drug Administration. FDA Consumer

The Southern Cult - Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

The Southern Cult - Southeastern Ceremonial Complex The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC) is what archaeologists have called a broad regional similarity of artifacts, iconography, ceremonies, and mythology of the Mississippian period in North America between about 1000 and 1600 CE. This cultural melange is thought to represent a Mississippian religion evolved at Cahokia on the Mississippi River near modern day St. Louis and spread via migration and diffusion of ideas throughout southeastern North America, impacting existing communities as far-flung as the modern states of Oklahoma, Florida, Minnesota, Texas, and Louisiana. Key Takeaways: Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Common Names: Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, Southern CultAlternatives: Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS) or the Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex (MACC)Dates: 1000–1600 CELocation: throughout the southeastern U.S.  Interpretation: Major towns with mounds and rectangular plazas spread from Oklahoma to Florida, Minnesota to Louisiana, connected by broad-based religious activities and trade in copper, shell, and potteryShared Symbols: Morning Star/Red Horn, Underwater Panther Mound Cities The SECC was first recognized in the mid-twentieth century, although it was then called the Southern Cult; today it is sometimes referred to as the Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere (MIIS) or the Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex (MACC). The multiplicity of names for this phenomenon reflects both the significance of the similarities placed on it by the scholars, and the struggles those scholars have had trying to pin down the processes and meanings of an undeniable wave of cultural change. Etowah Mound B, Georgia, Mississippian Civilization. Kare Thor Olsen Commonality of Traits The core components of the SECC are repoussà © copper sheet plates (basically, three-dimensional objects cold-hammered out of copper), engraved marine shell gorgets, and shell cups. These objects are decorated in what scholars call the Classic Braden figural style, as it was defined by archaeologist James A. Brown in the 1990s. The Classic Braden style focuses on the winged anthropomorphic being known colloquially among archaeologists as the birdman, depicted on copper plates and worn as headpieces or breastplates. The birdman symbol is nearly a universal component at SECC sites. Other traits are found less consistently. Mississippians typically, but not always, lived in major towns centered around four-sided plazas. The centers of those towns sometimes included large raised earthen platforms topped by pole and thatch temples and elite houses, some of which were cemeteries for elites. Some of the societies played a game with disc-like pieces called chunkey stones. Artifacts of shell, copper, and pottery were distributed and exchanged and copied. Common symbols on those artifacts include the hand-eye (a hand with an eye in the palm), a falconid or forked eye symbol, a bi-lobed arrow, the quincunx or cross-in-circle motif, and a petal-like motif. The Peach Tree State Archaeological Society website has a detailed discussion of some of these motifs. Shared Supernatural Beings The anthropomorphic birdman motif has been the focus of much scholarly research. The birdman has been connected to the mythical hero-god known as Morning Star or Red Horn in upper midwest Native American communities. Found on repoussà © copper and shell etchings, versions of the birdman seem to represent anthropomorphized bird deities or costumed dancers associated with warfare rituals. They wear bi-lobed headdresses, have long noses and often long braids- those traits are associated with masculine sexual virility among Osage and Winnebago rituals and oral traditions. But some of them appear to be female, bi-gendered or genderless: some scholars note wryly that our Western concepts of the duality of male and female are hindering our ability to comprehend the meaning of this figure. Version of the Underwater Panther on a Mississippian Bowl from Moundville. CB Moore, 1907 In some communities, there is a shared supernatural being called the underwater panther or underwater spirit; the Native American descendants of the Mississippians call this being Piasa or Uktena. The panther, Siouan descendants tell us, represents three worlds: wings for the upper world, antlers for the middle and scales for the lower. He is one of the husbands of the Old Woman Who Never Dies. These myths strongly echo the pan-Mesoamerican underwater serpent deity, one of which is the Maya god ​Itzamna. This is remnants of an old religion. Reports by the Conquistadors The timing of the SECC, which ended at (and maybe because) the period of initial Euroamerican colonization of North America, gives scholars a vision albeit corrupted of the effective practices of the SECC. The ​16th century Spanish and the 17th century French visited these communities and wrote of what they saw. Further, echoes of the SECC are part and parcel of a living tradition among many of the descendant communities. A fascinating paper by Lee J. Bloch discusses his attempt to describe the birdman motif to Native American people who live in the vicinity of the SECC site of Lake Jackson, Florida. That discussion led him to recognize how some of the entrenched archaeological concepts are just wrong. The birdman is not a bird, the Muskogee told him, its a moth. One clearly evident aspect of the SECC today is that, although the archaeological concept of a Southern Cult was conceived as a homogenous religious practice, it was not homogenous and probably not necessarily (or entirely) religious. Scholars are still struggling with that: some have said it was an iconography that was restricted to the elites, to help cement their leadership roles in the far-flung communities. Others have noted that the similarities seem to fall into three categories: warriors and weaponry; falcon dancer paraphernalia; and a mortuary cult. Too Much Information? The irony is, of course, that more information is available about the SECC than most other massive cultural changes recognized in the past, making it harder to pin down a reasonable interpretation. Although scholars are still working out the possible meanings and process of the Southeastern Cultural Complex, it is eminently clear that it was a geographically, chronologically, and functionally variable ideological phenomenon. As an interested bystander, I find the ongoing SECC research a fascinating combination of what you do when you have too much and not enough information, which promises to continue to evolve for some decades to come. Mississippian Chiefdoms in the SECC A few of the largest and better known Mississippian mound cities include: Cahokia (Illinois), Etowah (Georgia), Moundville (Alabama), Spiro Mound (Oklahoma), Silvernale (Minnesota), Lake Jackson (Florida), Castalian Springs (Tennessee), Carter Robinson (Virginia) Selected Sources Blitz, John. New Perspectives in Mississippian Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 18.1 (2010): 1–39. Print.Bloch, Lee J. The Unthinkable and the Unseen: Community Archaeology and Decolonizing Social Imagination at Okeeheepkee, or the Lake Jackson Site. Archaeologies 10.1 (2014): 70–106. Print.Cobb, Charles R., and Adam King. Re-Inventing Mississippian Tradition at Etowah, Georgia. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12.3 (2005): 167–92. Print.Emerson, Thomas E., et al. Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial. American Antiquity 81.3 (2016): 405–25. Print.Hall, Robert L. The Cultural Background of Mississippian Symbolism. The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis. Ed. Galloway, P. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. 239–78. Print.Knight, Vernon James Jr. Farewell to the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Southeastern Archaeology 25.1 (2006): 1–5. Print.Krus, Anthony M. , and Charles R. Cobb. The Mississippian Fin De Sià ¨cle in the Middle Cumberland Region of Tennessee. American Antiquity 83.2 (2018): 302–19. Print. Meyers, Maureen. Excavating a Mississippian Frontier: Fieldwork at the Carter Robinson Mound Site. Native South 1 (2008): 27–44. Print.Muller, Jon. The Southern Cult. The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis. Ed. Galloway, P. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. 11–26. Print.

Discuss how international management is different from domestic Essay

Discuss how international management is different from domestic management - Essay Example It is also noted that the involved countries have widespread variations in the currencies (Brooke, 1996). This paper seeks to discuss the factors that set aside international management from domestic management. International management, as used in this context, refers to the process of carrying out business activities and operations on the international setting (Mordern, 2004). As such the management is concerned with the establishment of good relations with other countries. As noted, management takes into consideration the diversity in cultural aspects often associated with transactions with other international business organizations. International management is asked with a responsibility to perform supervisory services on the practices involved in the business, as well as operation in foreign countries. This happens because of the partnerships, mergers, as well as out sourcing of the workforce (Mordern, 2004). Such operations and practices help the company to achieve its targets. Moreover, international management is brought by the changing trends in the operations of business which challenges the capability of the organization in handling the changes (Mordern, 2004). This implies that international management incorporates some of the traditional management practices and techniques in order to achieve its primary goal. The traditional management techniques are altered in a manner to fit the standards of global management. It should be noted that international standards take in consideration of legal and ethical issues as well as the multicultural aspects in order to avail the services to expanded population (Rodriques, 2009). Furthermore, international management oversees the operations in a number of facilities within the foreign land, this is normally seen as a move to woo the international population (Goodertham and Nordhaug, 2003). Domestic management, on the other hand, refers to the traditional type of management that is normally carried out in a part icular region or a country (Thomas, 2002). It should be noted that the primary target for domestic management is slightly different from international management. With domestic management involving a single country, international management, involves operations between two or more countries (Thomas, 2002). By examining the primary target for the international and domestic management, it can be established that international management might be said to be inclusive of the larger market population in different regions across the world, while domestic management covers only a small population within the country of operation. However, when international management is examined in relation to the global management, it can be established that the target market appears as an average population (Brooke, 1996). Following that, it becomes evident that international management appears to be more demanding in the context of operation techniques and strategies as well as the necessary resources d ue to the wider scope. In terms of human resource management, it can be pointed out that international human resource management focuses on the diverse cultural differences as well as legal and ethical issues relating to the cultural settings (Rodrigues, 2009). On the other hand, domestic human resource management is guided by state laws and the ethical issues as such, such that little change can be done in their management strategies and

Enrichment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enrichment - Research Paper Example It challenged America’s notion of an immigrant nation. It reflected the racist views of the time when European visitors, the whites, were welcomed through Ellis Island but the non-whites coming through the Angel Island in the Pacific coast who were seen as criminals and delinquents who had to be deported or detained. The Angel Island station was operational for thirty years from 1910 -1930 within which time it came to be known as a detention facility and sought to exclude the Chinese after the passing of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. The number of people coming in through Ellis Island was far greater than those entering through Angel Island. In the present day both Angel Island and Ellis Island immigration stations have undergone preservation and restoration. Ellis Island is being projected as a symbol of America’s immigration tradition and hospitality which has a strong support group for its restoration. The Ellis Island Immigration Museum opened in 1990 and till today evokes a sense of hope. Angel Island on the other hand does not have a strong support group as many people do not know about it and it stands as a symbol of America’s racist past. After a closure of four years it was opened to public on 15th February 2009 and serves to remind them of the pain and agony undergone by the people who migrated

Project Goals And Objectives Essay Example for Free

Project Goals And Objectives Essay Company Background The ABLE TOOLS CORPORATION is a well-known organization that actually operates to be among the pioneer organizations in the field of tool production and distribution. The market o the said corporation remains to be the ones involved in construction activities. In terms of being prepared for emergencies though, the company has less control of the situations that are likely to arise in the future without any notice to the organization which may as well affect the overall operations of the business in their target market.   The memo that follows outlines the different issues that need focus in the process and how are the said issues going to be dealt with by the organization later on. Possible Issues to Arise The issue on weak marketing approach that would likely affect the performance of the business within the market that they are serving is indeed a supposed well-treated issue on the part of the marketing and management departments of the organization. The attention that they are likely lacking in this area of concern would absolutely cause the failure of the entire organization once not given the right treatment. Strategic Goal Meeting the said challenges in the organization’s operations is likely one of the most important goals of the entire business group. However, the question is the strategy that is to be implemented to solve the problem. Obviously, the supposed goal is expected to be focused in increasing the profit of the organization through marketing procedures amidst the increasing competition happening in the market.   The idea is to make a procedure by which an effective marketing strategy implementation could at least handle the challenge of facing the both the new and old competitors in the field. It is indeed challenging enough to handle the external issues concerned within this situation, however, it should be noted that there are also internal elements affecting the same situation that could affect the entire strategy to be used to actually handle the said organizational issues. Tactical Goals There are several tactics of approaching the problem. However, to be able to come up with the right process of dealing with the issue, it should be understood how the elements of operation of the issue should be controlled. In this case, marketing procedures and enhancing their audience and market effect would require the involvement of the balancing of fiancà ©s as well as expenses of the proceedings concerned with the said approach. Likely, to understand better, the process to be handled here requires one to have a better understanding of how to handle the cost of marketing while not hurting the profit of the business so much and giving better profit chances at the same time to the organization’s operational returns. Issues and Concerns Possibly, what need to be addressed in this problem are those that are highly concerned with the creative approaches that the organization is possibly taking. Understandably, such approaches are expected to have a strong impact on the process by which the organization progresses in its own field of industries. The marketing process and the marketing medium to be utilized should be well chosen and created so as to ensure that whatever it is that needs to be balanced in the process would be given attention to within the completion of the planned business disaster recovery plan. With the said procedure, it is expected that each element in the process would be attended to by the administrational management carefully so as to ensure that the values and the concerns of the business are given the right amount of focus during the process. Balancing the ways by which the said elements are affected directly by the planned solution should be given careful understanding by the administrational personnel handling the said situations in actual applications for the sake of better progress of the entire organization in the market. References: Cummings, E., Haag, S., McCubbrey D. (2005). Management Information Systems for the Information Age. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Higher Education. Buchanan, Sally. Emergency preparedness. from Paul Banks and Roberta Pilette. Preservation Issues and Planning. Chicago: American Library Association, 2000. 159-165. ISBN 978-0-8389-0776-4 Hoffer, Jim. Backing Up Business Industry Trend or Event. Health Management Technology, Jan 2001.

substance and economics :: essays research papers

SUBSTANCE AND ECONOMICS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture is a learned reaction, this human survival trait gives us a way to colonize and adapt to our environment. With out this key element, adaptation becomes complicated, and our species will die off. Archeologist have dug and scraped away the dirt, rocks and mud to bring us a glimpse of the past. Their fieldwork has shown us how we, as a whole, have biologically adapted to suit our modern needs in the environment that our ancestors have lived in. In addition, they also tell us how we have changed the natural environment as the population has increased in size. This brings us to substance and economics, a basic foundation in which a culture can survive. The definition of economics is reacting to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. For the definition of substance I have found two that compliment this cross-cultural comparison. One is ?material possessions, wealth, and property?. The second definition is ?that which gives stability or solidarity, confidence, and ground.? These definitions are not only evident in today?s modern social infrastructures but also evident in cultures of the past and the social order in other countries. We have come to understand that there are four ways to sustain a community that our evolution process has brought us to. These ways are hunting and gathering, fishing and gardening, herding, and agriculture. The longest known survival method is hunting and gathering. This course of action was a main part of the old stone culture known as the Paleolithic period when hominids walked the land. They would gather berries, seeds, wild fruits, vegetables and even hunted wild game in the area. This type of practice is still used today in Africa and other parts of the world. Similarly, the Yiwara, who inhabit the heart of the Gibson Desert, have a lifestyle adapted to this arid environment. In the desert, there is no regular seasonal pattern of food-collecting, because there are no predictable seasons when plants can be expected to ripen. Thus, opportunistic movement towards rainfall and known water catchments spots also known as billabongs characterizes the subsistence of the Yiwara. Large game constitutes only a small part of the Yiwara diet, which is largely vegetarian. Lizards, rabbits provide most of the protein and are collected by everyone. Even these small animals are divided and shared among kin. Individual portions may be barely a mouthful, but nothing is wasted.

Mainstream Media hegemony and new media environment Essay

(Ex- Deputy Controller, Head of current Affair National Broadcasting Service Radio Pakistan, Bureau chief mediacon international, member CMA,, Community Media Association, UK), published author ezine and upublish.com) Pakistan’s mainstream media outlets have perhaps misunderstand the meaning of free flow of information under the freedom of press law. Perhaps they are not aware of the consequences which are being faced by top notch mainstream media across the so-called civilized word. In Pakistan many media groups reporting without realizing its impact on our socio-economic environment and deep rooted cultural impact. We have seen in past that misreporting by print and electronic mainstream media regarding shia-sunni conflicts created anger and anxiety amongst different sects led to horrible sectarian violence. Beside, reporting regarding terrorist attacks and rape case are arrogantly presented. Lack of trusted networks for reporting or contribution the most sensitive issue in fair manners and due to less reliance on what traditional media portray in daily business of dissemination of audio video contents, the literate society has started believing on what new media presents in various forms. Equipped with the power of abundant sources of news and information ((via broadband, G3, G4 and web3) about any country or region the new media is rapidly making its footing worldwide. Mainstream media are the most important source, but not the only one. With the development of communication technologies, people now have access to a huge amount of information that was unthinkable 20 years ago. People can watch live proceeding of parliament, or read a transcript of it within hours. One can see press releases from newsmakers published on hundreds of websites, providing submission and distribution services on internet. New-style electronic formats, such as Internet discussion groups and chat rooms, create new public spaces and provide unprecedented opportunities for cultural and political discourse. Ecology of news and the style of passing on information have been changed dramatically. Geographical separation is not a big problem due to network linkage. Using FTP format you can transfer files anywhere in the word it was not possible for main stream media 2 decades ago. Second important characteristics its digital platform which has  enormous space to store audio, video, and Text. In new media environment distance makes little difference in the time, cost or speed of getting information. : Society has changed into families. People can get lot more quality and creditable information using news aggregators. In fact less gated social media have changed the ecology of News, thinking, behaviour and socio-economic environment Social media technologies take on many different forms including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, micro blogging, wikis, social networks, podcasts, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking. The wall of fortress journalism is demolishing but Pakistan print and electronic mainstream media is not ready to adopt the new changes being taken place every passing day in communication technologies. People of Pakistan are swiftly moving toward social media aggregators than ever. This new tool provides reader/ viewers to obtain all required news and analysis on one simple point. The reason for this shift is that mainstream media is violating by keeping the important news with them and deliberately hiding facts from public eyes. Sensationalism in news and to be first in breaking news is considered as pride without knowing its impact on nation al security and integrity. Pakistani media regulators and broadcasters perhaps not aware what the west is doing through media. They must watch reports of PRESS TV.COM AND RT.COM. The West is swiftly and successfully achieving its targets one by one by to destabilize the situation in Syria, recently in Gaza. Author and investigative journalist Webster Tarpley has pointed in an interview at Russian Television (RT.COM) first English language TV that US Intelligence has announced the partition of Pakistan. Another report revealed in foreign media that US Special Forces have conducted secret raids inside Pakistan’s border regions. The operations were conducted between 2003 and 2008, but only one was ever made public. The mainstream media of Pakistan kept quite on these issues. In many cases Taliban refused to take responsibility for some explosions in public places in Pakistan than who is behind these brutal acts. Our investigative reporters are not well equipped to search the truth and report. Our media is highlighting issue base politic and projecting their allocated parties. Critical issues of society which should be the prime priority at present stage are not being suitably covered by any media outlet. Strong reaction in recent past has been seen in UK and USA where  people registered their protest and strongly criticize the biased, planned and narrow coverage of world affairs by the established media giants like Fox News, the BBC and NBS. Media regulators are seems to be helpless and may be part of this wrongdoing. Situation in Pakistan is changing rapidly and people have lost trust on the directed coverage of Pakistan’s media. Pakistan electronic media are being run by the print media journalists with no experience of working in electronic media and producing substandard and distorted facts. Broadcasters are making billions in profits while using the public airwaves. In return, they are not producing programmes that fulfill community needs. Because of above cited problems and the attitude of media groups of Pakistan people have started march against mainstream media using social media as a viable, quick and authentic source. This shift seems to be picking up the pace in near future. ***

How to Improve public Schools Essay

Since the 17th century, American public schools have provided its children with a wonderful opportunity of receiving a free education that ensures a general understanding of various subjects such as mathematics and literature giving generation after generation the foundation of knowledge. Public schools have made several positive leaps since its begging from teaching only males students to teaching all genders, as well as becoming desegregated in 1969. Public schools provide a peace of mind for parents who desire the best for their children because they provide state certified teachers, free transportation, extra-curricular and after school programs, and are accountable to the state (web). Most notably, public high schools prepare students for life after school and provides a foundation for further education; however, behind all the wonderful aspects of public schools there are certain disadvantages that can hinder the academic progress of a student. Parents as well as students should be aware of these disadvantages that include: underfunded schools may not have certain materials or may have to cut some programs and too much emphasis on standardized test that creates a lot of stress on students and hinders their learning environment. Considering such disadvantages, parents and students may wonder â€Å"how can we solve this dilemma?† Nationalizing public school funding and giving less class and standardized test in order to allow students to focus on learning the curriculum are both steps and proposals that have the potential to settle the troublesome disadvantages of public schools. Different schools in different regions and states receive a wide range of funding which creates a conflict where some schools are underfunded while other are prosperous. The schools that are underfunded may not acquire certain materials that are essential for the course which hurt the process of learning for many students. Some schools are so underfunded that they result to eliminating certain courses or programs. Nearly half of the funding for public schools in the United States are provided though local taxes, generating large differences in funding between wealthy and impoverished communities. There have been efforts make public school funding more equitable yet have only provoked controversy. Some people, such as Eric Hanushek, argue that although different schools receive different amount of funding, the amount of money spent is not â€Å"systematically related to student  achievement,† therefore the wide range of public school funding is not an issue. On the other hand, people such as reviewers Rob Greenwald, Larry Hedges, and Richard Laine believer that â€Å"school resources are systematically related to student achievement,† and therefore school funding is educationally important. Although public schools in the Unites States are funded from federal, state and local sources, the funds from local property taxes generates large funding differences. A logical proposal to solve this problem would to nationalize public school funding therefore every public school depending on its level ( elementary, middle/junior, high, academy, etc.) would receive the same amount of funding which would eliminate the differences of funding for different regions. Some parents may argue that their local property taxes are higher than others and so it should go towards the funding for their child’s public school funding; however, if school funding is nationalized and standardized then each school regardless the location would receive enough funding to secure an adequate education for all children. Also, funds from local property taxes could be used to better individual communities such as building parks or community buildings as well as providing better roads instead of funding public schools. Federal taxes may rise due to nationalizing public school funding however it is for a good cause which is providing all students of America with an equal opportunity to a great education; however this proposal will be difficult to enact because it requires to federal approval and may take time to become a law. Many petitions will have to be made along with thousands of signatures so there would be a lot of support required to enact nationalizing public school funding yet if accomplished it would set a strong foundation for knowledge throughout the nation. With the creation of the No Child Left Behind act endorsed by president Bush, there has been a increasing emphasis on standardized testing for public schools that has ultimately hindered the learning environment by narrowing the curriculum, teaching to the test, and reducing the love of learning which helps drive students out of school specifically high school students. In several classes, the curriculum is taught based on the maximum potential for students to pass standardized test. This has created a sort of teach to pass instead of teach to learn class routine amongst several teachers. Consequently, several students miss out on valuable information due to the  narrowed curriculum by eliminating lessons not needed to pass a certain standardized test. The pressure put of students nowadays ,especially in high schools, can be extremely overwhelming and be a driving factor for several dropouts. Of course students do not decided to dropout of school solely on the large emphasis on standardized testing yet it is difficult to argue that it does not put a lot of stress on students who are already struggling to pass. The alarming emphasis on high-stakes standardized testing has become apparent to students,parents, as well as legislation and so there have been events that occurred with the purpose to lessen the emphasis of testing. For example, the Senate Education Committee passed a bill that â€Å"eliminated the use of scores on standardized †¦test,† that would determine if tens of thousands of schools were to be considered failing or not. Although this is a remarkable step to lessening the power set by standardized test scores it does not solve the problem of the collateral damage in public schools caused by too much testing. Indeed, tests are important to determine if a student is learning and not simply sitting in class daydreaming of irrelevant things; furthermore, students should worry about test and strive to make good grades on them. The problem with testing is not its existence but its intensity and worthiness. In the average class, test scores are worth much more compared to class work and homework. This places a huge stress on students to past test therefore they focus only on test scores instead of learning the material and applying what they have learned to real life situations. Standardized test are important in determining the progress of individual students and schools and therefore should not be eliminated however states should set a minimum of high-stake standardized test. For example there should be a maximum of one end of instruction test for important subjects and extra test that are not directly relevant to the curriculum such as benchmark tests should be eliminated. The specifics of such a policy should be left to be determined by the states due to the difficulty to enforce it as a federal policy. To make a state law that put a minimum on standardized test would require some time, petitions, and convincing for certain people but the final accomplishment would bring less stress to students and promote a better learning environment. State school boards should also divide the percentage of value of homework, classwork, participation grades, as well as class test equally. This would allow  student to focus on the important of turning in homework, participating in class, and test equally as opposed to stressing when a test is coming for it could considerably harm their grade in the class. Lessening the emphasis of test both standardized and class test would allow students to focus on the material being taught as well as allow teachers to improve the curriculum to provide the best possible educational for their students. Students can greatly benefit from the previous feasible proposals if they were to be enforced. By passing a federal law that endorses a nationalized federal funding of public schools as opposed to leaving half of public school funding to local property taxes, all American public schools would receive an equal amount of funding to use for the arts, after school programs, academic technology, or school renovations that all promote a heather and more engaging learning environment for all students. Although the process to get a bill that would enforce a fully federal funding of all public school passed by congress would take time and a lot of effort, it would provide equality for all public schools regardless of reputation or location giving students an equal opportunity. Placing a minimum on the amount of standardized test required by public schools within each state as well as making the value of class tests towards a students overall grade equal to homework and classwork would lessen the stress brought on my too much emphasis on testing which would allow students to focus on their eduction instead of simply passing the test. Such a policy would require several petitions and time to figure out what tests are more essential and which test could be eliminated; however, it would greatly reduce the stress of school making it more pleasing and allow teachers to provide the best possible education to their students. These policies can help improve the American public school system by allowing each student to take advantage of a learning based eduction that provides the knowledge needed to succeed and make a positive impact on our ever changing world.

Twelve Tribes of Israel

Twelve Tribes of Israel The Twelve Tribes of Israel represent the traditional divisions of the Jewish people in the biblical era. The tribes were Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim and Manasseh. The Torah, the Jewish Bible, teaches that each tribe was descended from a son of Jacob, the Hebrew forefather who became known as Israel. Modern scholars disagree. The Twelve Tribes in the Torah Jacob had two wives, Rachel and Leah, and two concubines, by whom he had 12 sons and a daughter. Jacobs favorite wife was Rachel, who bore him Joseph. Jacob was quite open about his preference for Joseph, the prophetic dreamer, above all others. Josephs brothers were jealous and sold Joseph into slavery in Egypt. Josephs rise in Egypt- he became a trusted vizier of the pharaoh- encouraged the sons of Jacob to move there, where they prospered and became the Israelite nation. After Josephs death, an unnamed Pharaoh makes slaves of the Israelites; their escape from Egypt is the subject of the Book of Exodus. Under Moses and then Joshua, the Israelites capture the land of Canaan, which is divided up by tribe. Of the remaining ten tribes, Levi was scattered throughout the region of ancient Israel. The Levites became the priestly class of Judaism. A portion of the territory was given to each of Josephs sons, Ephraim and Menasseh. The tribal period endured from the conquest of Canaan through the period of Judges until the kingship of Saul, whose monarchy brought the tribes together as one unit, the Kingdom of Israel. Conflict between Sauls line and David created a rift in the kingdom, and the tribal lines reasserted themselves. Historical View Modern historians consider the notion of the twelve tribes as descendants of a dozen brothers to be simplistic. It is more likely that the story of the tribes was one created to explain affiliations between groups inhabiting the land of Canaan subsequent to the writing of the Torah. One school of thought suggests that the tribes and their story arose in the period of the Judges. Another holds that the federation of the tribal groups happened after the flight from Egypt, but that this united group didnt conquer Canaan at any one time, but rather occupied the country bit by bit. Some scholars see the tribes supposedly descended from the sons born to Jacob by Leah- Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun and Issachar- to represent an earlier political grouping of six that was expanded by later arrivals to twelve. Why Twelve Tribes? The flexibility of the twelve tribes- the absorption of Levi; the expansion of Josephs sons into two territories- suggests that the number twelve itself was an important part of the way the Israelites saw themselves. In fact, biblical figures including Ishmael, Nahor, and Esau were assigned twelve sons and subsequently nations divisible by twelve. The Greeks also organized themselves around groups of twelve (called amphictyony) for sacred purposes. As the unifying factor of the Israelite tribes was their dedication to a single god, Yahweh, some scholars argue that the twelve tribes are simply an imported social organization from Asia Minor. The Tribes and Territories Eastern  · Judah · Issachar · Zebulun Southern  · Reuben · Simeon · Gad Western  · Ephraim · Manesseh · Benjamin Northern  · Dan · Asher · Naphtali Although Levi was dishonored by being denied territory, the tribe of Levi became the highly honored priestly tribe of Israel. It won this honor because of its reverence for Yahweh during the Exodus.

Case Study The Salad Bar Marketing Essay

Case Study The Salad Bar Marketing Essay The salad bar financial model will be based on the business concept of â€Å"managing for the best, and planning for the worst†. The projections of the first year will anticipate for a sales volume below average, salad cost above average, and seat turn below average. This will help us ensure adequate financial planning to cater for a ramp-up period that is reasonable, success of the business, and ensure that the business is not under-capitalized (McKeever 2008). Our financial plan is based on the assumptions that there will be a slow-growth economy that will be recovering from an economic decline. It also assumes that the business will experience a modest growth in the future. The Salad Bar business intends to increase profit margins per day. The businesses aims at reducing the variable operation cost as well as achieve a double growth rate annually. The Salad Bar marketing strategy will be aimed at developing visibility among the members of the community. This strategy will be achieved through a targeted advertising campaign. There will be advertisements placed in various newsletters. It’s hoped that the advertisements will yield a reasonable amount of product enquiries since they are beleaguered toward the target population that uses Salad Bar products/services (Young 2007). The Salad Bar Marketing Objectives Salad Bar aims at reducing market costs as a sales percentage. The business intends to maintain steady and positive growth every month. In addition, Salad Bar plans to experience new customers increase and consequently have them as long-term customers. Marketing Strategy The Salad Bar marketing strategy will be aimed at developing visibility among the members of the community. This strategy will be achieved through a targeted advertising campaign. There will be advertisements placed in various newsletters. It’s hoped that the advertisements will yield a reasonable amount of product enquiries since they are beleaguered toward the tar get population that uses Salad Bar products/services (Abrams & Kleiner 2003). Target marketing The Salad Bar’s target population includes the middle class clients and the upper-class clients. The middle-class population has minimal disposable income. It recognizes that its expensive to get salad from a salad bar but its prepared to incur expenses though they will attempt to minimize them. On the other hand, the upper-class clients are characterized by high income level and it’s willing to have salad from a bar. This strategy will require a different menu for the two groups since the upper-class salad menu will be cost prohibitive for the middle class population (McKeever 2008). Positioning The Salad Bar will position itself as a high quality, innovative salad business. The members of the society will recognize the high quality and unique service/product offerings of The Salad Bar. The Salad Bar competitive edge will be founded in  its customer inventive and customer approach to members of the society. The Salad Bar customer attention will make it different from other salad bars that have a lot of demand. The disadvantage of having a high demand is that the business experiences a decreased pressure to accommodate extra clients. When The Salad Bar will start having plenty of customers, we will modify our business plan in order to handle them effectively McKeever (2008). The Salad Bar will approach the market as if there is considerable competition between the different product providers. We aim at making customer satisfaction our priority, and through this, local clients will come to be pleased about the attention given to their need and establish long-term relationships with The Salad Bar. The main objective is to position The Salad Bar as the premier Salad business within the area, authorizing a market share majority in four years. The marketing strategy will aim first at creating customer awareness concerning its products, build up a customer base, and focus on building customer referrals and loyalty (Young 2007)

Conseptual analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conseptual analysis - Article Example Flow charts carry a similar function like other types of diagrams. They help in visualization of a process hence helping the user to understand deeper the meaning or flow of that process (John, 1984). There are different types of flow charts and each has its own design and national conventions. There are two common types of boxes in a flowchart. The first type is a processing step identified as an activity. Its denotations are rectangular in shape. The second type is a decision that is denoted as a diamond. Flowcharts are described as cross-functional where the pages in use are divided into different swim lanes (John, 1984). The lanes must be describing the control of different organizational units. For example, a symbol appearing in a particular lane is identified to be within the control of that organizational unit. Flowcharts depict certain aspects of processes (John, 1984). They are completed by drawing diagrams. Flow charts can be document flowcharts, data flowcharts, system flowcharts, or program flowcharts. They help best explain how a given system works by the use of a visual diagram. They are also helpful in brainstorming of ideas and plans. They demonstrate a high level of strategy application (John, 1984). They are graphic representations of flow of data through an information system. They help in creation of an overview of the system to be later elaborated. They show what information to input and output from a give system. They also show how the data will be either inputted or outputted and where the data will go or get stored. They are used in analysis and design phases of information processes (John, 1984). A visual image or document uses image as it primary means of communication. In other instances, visual images use the interaction of texts and images for communication. The goals of any visual analysis are to demonstrate an understanding of how the art communicates its message and meaning. This is done by breaking the