Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation Drawing on appropriate literature, provide a critical analysis of the application of health promotion philosophies, principles and approaches underpinning public health practice in relation to a relevant topic (e.g. any public health policy in the UK) The chosen public health topic is smoking. The student has selected this subject because it is a current issue of particular relevance because of the prohibition to premises becoming smoke- free if they are open to the public, due to be enforced in England in July 2007 (Health Act 2006). Smoking is also an important topic because it has been identified as the single most significant public health problem in the UK (Royal College of Physicians 2000); approximately 114,000 smokers in the UK die as a result of smoking (Action on Smoking and Health 2005). The treatment of smoking- related conditions costs the National Health Service (NHS) up to  £1.7 billion per year with an estimated cost of  £1.7 million to British industry every year as the result of lost working hours caused by smoking- related illness (Gommans 2005). According to Tannahill (1985) health promotion is a broad concept which encompasses health education and health prevention. Health education refers to working with groups and individuals to promote healthy behaviours, whereas health prevention refers to strategies which prevent ill- health such as immunisation. Public health is defined as: ‘The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society’ (Acheson 1988) This definition implies a collective approach; however public health has been criticised as being medically dominated (McPherson 2001). Philosophies of health promotion provide a framework for exploring our rationale and justification for wanting to change health- related behaviour. Seedhouse (2002) refers to health promotion as a ‘moral endeavour’; in other words health professionals are required to make judgments about if, how and when to intervene in relation to the health behaviours of patients, clients and service users, taking into account individual needs and priorities. In some cases health behaviours affect not only the individual but others, also; this applies to the effects of secondary smoking, for example. Taking into account the secondary effects of health behaviours may impact upon the ‘moral endeavour’ of health professionals and health policy makers. Moral judgements underpin the work of health professionals; the student recalls an incident when a lady aged 100 who had smoked all of her adult life and who clearly did not have long to live, asked to be helped to smoke a cigar ette. This simple act gave her pleasure and it seemed irrational and unkind not to respond to her request. Moral judgements are not always straightforward. Philosophical principles applicable to health promotion include logic; the development of reasoned argument (Naidoo and Wills 2000a). Our arguments for changing health-related behaviour are evidence- based involving for example, the type of statistics about smoking highlighted in para 1 of this page. There is a large body of evidence which supports the argument that smoking is damaging to health and yet, as discussed further on (para.2, p.4), it can be seen that individuals do not always respond to logical reasoned argument in relation to modifying health- behaviours. Epistemology, another philosophical principle, is concerned with the debate about truth, in this case exploring what health really means. There are different models of health including the medical and social models. The medical model is concerned with the categorisation of illness and disease and with specific medical interventions given by the ‘expert’ (the health professional) to the patient, who has traditionally been a passive recipient of this expert advice and intervention. A social model of health involves a broader interpretation of health which is influenced by a range of determinants, such as age, gender, socioeconomic factors, education and environment. Within this model, strategies to improve health status adopt a wider perspective than the medical model, seeking to address the aforementioned determinants. In relation to health promotion, the medical model might not take into consideration, factors which affect the individual’s behaviour such as their socioeconomic status. There is evidence that smoking behaviour is more prevalent among more disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Gulliford et al 2003). It is important therefore to take into consideration this and other, factors when developing health promotion strategies and not to reduce the issue to one of the giving and receiving of information with an assumption that behaviour will be modified as a result. Health promotion philosophies are also concerned with ethics. The theory of ethics is divided into two main categories: deontological and consequential. Deontology is concerned with our duty to behave according to a set of moral principles. On page 1, paragraph 5, the issues/ dilemmas involved for health professionals in making moral judgements, were referred to. Consequential ethics are based on the premise that a judgment about whether an action is right or wrong is dependent on its end result, in other words whether the ends justify the means. This has some interesting implications for health promotion. Further on (p.4) some health promotion strategies are discussed including a debate about the use of legislation, i.e. enforcement, to bring about health- related behavioural change. As stated earlier (para.1, p.1) this issue is of particular relevance to smoking. The argument for enforcement is that the end result of reducing smoking behaviours and resultant improvement in health s tatus as well as savings made to the cost of healthcare, justifies the prohibition legislation. Broad approaches to health promotion reflect the models of health referred to (para. 2 on this page) and are categorised by Naidoo and Wills (2000b) as medical/ preventative; behavioural change; educational; empowerment and social change. Within the medical approach there are three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. To apply these specifically to smoking; the primary level aims to prevent smoking behaviour before it begins, the secondary level is concerned with preventing the recurrence of a smoking- related illness or disease by encouraging the patient to give up smoking and the tertiary level is about promoting quality of life within a chronic condition such as diabetes, in which case the message would be that the individual’s quality of life would be optimised if they do not smoke. The behavioural approach focuses on lifestyle issues (Laverack 2004) Emphasis is placed upon the individual’s responsibility for health which does not take into account factors outwith the individual’s control and as such, this approach has been criticised for being ‘victim- blaming’ (Tones and Tilford 2001), shifting responsibility away from the government for example, in relation to individual health status. The educational approach is less about placing responsibility on individuals in relation to their health- related behaviours and more about giving information and facilitating people to make informed choices about their lifestyle choices. This approach relates to the rational- empirical strategy described further on (para. 2, p.4) as it is based on the assumption that giving people information will lead to attitudinal and behavioural change. As will be seen, this does not always happen. This approach is also dependent on a level of concordance from the individual, for example a commitment to attend regular sessions as part of an educational programme. The empowerment approach reflects the normative- re-educative strategy described further on (para. 4, p. 4) and entails giving people the means to have increased control over the determinants that affect their health status. This involves community participation, a collective approach which is embedded within the philosophy of public health. According to Laverack (2004) there can be different interpretations of what constitutes a ‘community’. We tend to think in terms of a geographical community; a locality. It might be more effective in health promotion terms to think of a community as a group with shared characteristics, such as young people. The reality of community participation is that it tends to be more evident among communities who are educated and higher up the socioeconomic scale. People who are disadvantaged are less lilkely to be motivated to participate in health- related programmes- they may feel marginalised and are preoccupied with the issues that their s ituation presents, such as concerns about housing and income; health promotion is not viewed as a priority, and smoking might be used as a means of helping them to cope with adversity (Hanson Hoffman 1998). This leads onto the notion of the social change approach. This is quite a complex concept that involves health promotion initiating and driving social change in order to improve conditions that are conducive to health (Erben et al 2000). Social change would involve making the sorts of improvements that would place health issues more firmly on everybody’s agenda. There are many factors that contribute to social change such as legislation and shifts in ideas about codes of behaviour. For example, attitudes about sexual behaviour have changed over the years, contributing to health issues such as increased incidence of sexually transmitted disease and a rise in teenage pregnancies (Measor et al 2000). There is some indication that social attitudes to smoking have changed (Moonie 2005) which is arguably, a positive development; some smokers report that they feel like social pariahs! The social change approach is underpinned by an acknowledgement of the complexity of what influences health- related behaviours and can be linked to the social model of health, discussed in para. 2, p.2. Specific health promotion methods are quite diverse including: giving information in a didactic manner, for example via talks to large groups; lobbying local health and Government authorities; making use of the mass media (for example there is currently a television information advertisement about the early signs of myocardial infarction); working with groups; teaching social or life skills that are related to health status; publicity events, e.g. health fairs; facilitating community groups; enforcing health regulation; one to one advice and education; networking and liaising with other workers; instructing on specific techniques, such as self-administration of insulin; facilitating self help groups and enabling health promotion by the provision of support services such as childcare and interpreting facilities (Naidoo and Wills 2000c). Most of these methods can be adapted for use with smoking cessation. The change strategies framework by Bennis (1976) can be applied to health behavioural change and is of particular relevance to anti- smoking legislation. It includes three strategies for bringing about change which are based on different assumptions about human behaviour, and which, when applied to health promotion, involve three distinctly different approaches. The first strategy (rational- empirical), is based on the supposition that ‘knowledge is power’. Within this strategy it is assumed that an individual will modify their health- related behaviour in response to receiving reliable and valid information. For example, if the government or a health professional issues advice about the dangers of smoking, the individual should reduce or cease their smoking habit. It is well- known that this often does not happen; even some health professionals smoke, despite their level of knowledge about the dangers (McKenna 2001). The reasons for this are usually related to dependenc e. It is also possible that human beings adopt Freudian mental defence mechanisms, which are maladaptive coping strategies used (in this instance) to circumvent evidence of the negative consequences of a health- related behaviour, such as smoking. These include denial, intellectualisation (which involves citing contradictory evidence), or rationalisation, among others (Lupton 1995). Resorting to these defences can undermine the power of knowledge and evidence, however valid and reliable it is. The second strategy (power- coercive) involves the use of legislation and policy change in order to enforce health- related change. A good example of this is the anti- smoking legislation referred to in paragraph 1, page 1. There is some evidence to demonstrate that no- smoking policies do have the effect of reducing smoking behaviour (Brigham et al 1994). There has been criticism of the legislation as it is seen by some as an infringement of the individual’s right to choose. However this view is countered by the argument that the health of non- smokers can be adversely affected by cigarette smoke, and these people have the right to be protected (HM Treasury 2004). It appears that many non- smokers feel that they should be safeguarded from the effects of passive smoking (Pilkington et al 2006). The first two strategies adopt a ‘top- down’ approach whereas the third strategy (normative- re-educative) is based on the assumption that an individual is more likely to change their health- related behaviour if they have had involvement in bringing about the change; if they feel empowered. This approach underpins some of the health promotion strategies referred to in para. 1 of this page; for example facilitating community groups. However as discussed earlier (para. 2, p.3), it seems likely that community participation and empowerment might be of limited value within certain groups, such as people who are disadvantaged or marginalised. In conclusion, it appears that a multi- faceted approach needs to be adopted in order to address health- behaviours which are harmful to health, in this instance smoking. The starting point is that there is incontrovertible evidence that smoking is harmful to health, and can lead to premature death, as cited in para.1, p.1. The question of whether we have the right to choose to smoke can be challenged because of the evidence- base that demonstrates that smoking can affect the health of others (para. 3, p. 4). However it is important to recognise that people who smoke need adequate support and resources in order to be able to stop. There is existing evidence that legislative and policy change can reduce smoking behaviours (para. 3, p.4) and it will be interesting to see the outcomes of the current legislation (para. 1, p. 1). However, smokers also need clear, unambiguous messages about the effects of smoking, consistent support from health professionals and accessible information abou t smoking cessation services (Kerr et al 2006). References Acheson D. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health: Report. London Stationery Office 1988. Action on Smoking and Health Factsheet No. 2. Smoking Statistics: Illness and Death. ASH 2005. Bennis et al The Planning of Change Holt Rinehart and Winston 1976 Brigham J, Gross J, Stitzer M and Felch L Effects of a restricted work-site smoking policy on employees who smoke. Am J Public Health. 84(5): 1994 pp. 773–778. Department of Health. Health Act 2006. Part 1 Chapter 1. 2006. Erben R, Franzkowiak P and Wenzel E. People empowerment vs. social capital: from health promotion to social marketing. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 9(3) 2000 pp. 179-182 Gommans J, Bunton J and MacDonald G. Health Promotion: 2nd Edition. Routledge. 2005. p.189. Gulliford M, Sedgwick J and Pearce A. Cigarette smoking, health status, socio-economic status and access to health care in diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Service Research 2003 pp. 3: 4. Hanson Hoffman. Recovery from Smoking Second Edition: Quitting with the 12 Step Process Revised Second Edition. Hazelden. P.1 Kerr S, Watson H, Tolson D, Lough M and Brown M. Smoking after the age of 65 years: a qualitative exploration of older current and former smokers views on smoking, stopping smoking, and smoking cessation resources and services. Health and Social Care in the Community. 14(6) 2006 pp. 572-582, Laverack G. Health Promotion Practice: Building Empowered Communities. Sage publications. 2004. pp. 21, 22, 44. Lupton D. The Imperative of Health: public health and the regulated body. Sage Publications. 1995. p. 111. Mckenna H, Slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G. Qualified nurses smoking prevalence: their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35(5). 2001. pp.769-75 McPherson K. Public health does not need to be led by doctors: for. BMJ. 30; 322(7302) 2001 p.3–1596. Measor L, Tiffin C and Miller K. Young Peoples Views on Sex Education: Education, Attitudes and Behaviour. Routledge 2000. p.4. Moonie N (Ed.) GCE AS Level Health and Social Care Double Award Book. Harcourt Heinemann. 2005. p.29 Naidoo J. Wills J. Health Promotion: foundations for practice (2nd edition). London, Baillià ¨re Tindall 2000. pp. 113 Pilkington P, Gray S. Gilmore and A. Daykin N. Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce: survey of London casino workers. Journal of Public Health. 28(2) 2006 pp.104-110 Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine addiction in Britain: A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. RCP 2000. Seedhouse D. Ethics: the heart of healthcare. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons.. 2002. Chapter 2 Tannahill A What is Health Promotion? Health Education Journal 44(4) 1985 pp. 167-8 Tones K and Green J Health Promotion: Planning and Strategies. Sage Publications. 2004. p. 16. Tones K and Tilford S. Health Promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. 2001. p. 28. Total word count 2752

Oculomotor Apraxia And School Failure Health And Social Care Essay

It is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxy, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, increased sensitiveness to ionising radiation, sensitivity to lymphoid malignances and a variable grade of immunodeficiency. The prevalence is estimated to be between 1:100,000 and 1:40,000 with both male and female topics being every bit affected. ‘ This status has several facets that are extremely of import to be recognized by the household pattern doctor. AT is n't a rare status, following to tumours of the posterior pit, it is the most common cause for progressive ataxy in kids younger than 10 old ages of age. 4 Another of import facet of this upset is its clinical, radiological and laboratorial unique characteristics doing this entity easy diagnosed on strictly clinical evidences, frequently by review entirely or by readily available diagnostic tools. 5 Finally, the immunodeficiency caused by this upset leads to a higher incidence of sinopulmonary infections. Therefore, it is of critical importance to every doctor to be cognizant of the increased photosensitivity and the possibility of lymphoid malignances. Herein we describe a typical instance of AT referent to a primary attention installation along with a description of the clinical, radiological and pathophysiological facets of this status that are of import to be recognized by the household pattern doctor. CASE REPORT A six-year-old male child was referred to pediatric consult by his instructor due to school failure and frequent episodes of falling during physical instruction categories. The patient was born to non-consanguineous parents, by normal bringing, with an uneventful gestational and neonatal history. His early development was normal and besides presented normal neuropsychomotor acquisitions. There was no household history of neurological diseases except for an aunt with the diagnosing of multiple induration. The patient was antecedently healthy, without clinical history of any medical conditions, having neither prescribed medicines nor nonprescription medicines. On physical scrutiny, he was noted to be in good overall status, but it was noted the presence of little conjunctivae and tegument telangiectasias on his ears ( Picture 1a-1b-1c ) PICTURE 1- PICTURE 1: A and B show oculocutaneous telangiectasias and C, a tegument telangiectasias on ears. The neurological scrutiny evidenced that the patient was to the full watchful and showing a thick explosive address. His motor scrutiny was notable for an atactic pace, mild dysmetria and dysdiadococinesia. The patient besides presented oculomotor-apraxia. The research lab scrutiny showed lift of serum? -fetoprotein ( AFP ) degrees 164.6 ng/mL ( mention scope & A ; lt ; 7 ng/mL ) and marks of immunodeficiency, with low degrees of Ig E ( IgE ) 0,16 IU/L ( mention scope 10-180 IU/L ) and immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) 14.1 mg/dL ( mention scope 86-320 mg/dL ) ; and degrees of Ig G ( IgG ) 667.8 mg/dL ( mention scope 656-1350 mg/dL ) and immunoglobulin M ( IgM ) 129.5 mg/dL ( mention scope 120-320 mg/dL ) within normal bounds. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) was performed demoing marks of cerebellar wasting ( Picture 2 ) . Figure 2. Axial T2, axial FLAIR and coronal FLAIR MRI images show cerebellar cortical Atrophy, manifested as lessened cerebellar size, distension of the 4th ventricle and increased cerebellar folial prominence. The infirmary ‘s Ethics Committee approved this instance study and his parents gave informed consent for publication. Discussion The diagnosing of AT syndrome is foremost suspected in patients over one twelvemonth of age who show ataxia or important motor incoordination.6 It ‘s besides of import to observe that those symptoms of progressive incoordination may be misinterpreted as school failure due to progressive troubles in reading and in handwriting. Our patient was foremost referred by his physical instruction instructor for frequent fallings every bit good as by his school instructor due to composing troubles. As the disease evolves, extra clinical characteristics become evident such as deficiency of coordination of the caput and eyes in sidelong regard warp, optic and cutaneal telangiectasia, laboratory findings of elevated serum AFP, Ig lacks, chiefly of the IgA and IgG subclasses and MRI findings of cerebellar, and on occasion, vermian atrophy.7 On differential diagnosing, there are four well-known upsets that are characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxy, third cranial nerve apraxia, nonvoluntary motions, and peripheral neuropathy. They are autosomal recessionary diseases differentiated from each other based on clinical and laboratory characteristics ( Table 1 ) .6 Table 1. Clinical and biological forms of ataxy with third cranial nerve apraxia upsets ( adapted from Liu W et Al. ) ( 6 ) . & A ; lt ; 5 Old ages old ‘ 2 old ages old ‘ 7 old ages old ‘ 15 old ages old ‘ 5 old ages old AT is the most common of those upsets, with alone clinical form that make it comparatively easy to name entirely on clinical footing one time the neurodegeneration and optic telangiectasia have developed, and its diagnosing can be confirmed based on readily available tools such as AFP, Ig checks and MRI.7 Pathophysiologicaly, AT consequences from mutants in a individual cistron ( ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated ; ATM ) on chromosome 11, encoding a big protein ( ATM ) which is involved in mitogenic signal transduction, intracellular protein conveyance, and cell-cycle control. In the absence of ATM, the cell-cycle does non halt for repair double-stranded DNA interruptions, such as those caused by ionising radiation.8 Those mutants confer to patients with AT a high sensitiveness to radiation, increased susceptibleness to tumors, peculiarly lymphomas and leukaemia, every bit good as a variable grade of immunodeficiency. When present, the immunodeficiency may impact the humoral, cellular or both immune system taking to recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections.8 The sensitivity to recurrent sinopulmonary infections frequently leads to a higher exposure to radiation through X-ray tests in the ratings of pneumonia or sinusitis. It is of import, nevertheless, to be cognizant that this higher exposure to radiation may be straight related to a higher incidence of malignances. Cancer is up to two times more frequent in AT patients than in the general population, with leukaemia and lymphoma being peculiarly common. Even ATM-gene heterozygote mutants bearers may be at significantly increased hazard for chest malignant neoplastic diseases ( up to eight per centum of all instances of chest malignant neoplastic diseases in the United States ) .1-9 Furthermore, since patients with AT are allergic to ionising radiation, they may be, as good, allergic to radiomimetic drugs and be at hazard to out of the blue terrible toxic reactions to radiation or chemotherapy. 9 Decision We presented a typical instance of AT with classical clinical, research lab and neuroradiological presentation. The cognition of this status is of high importance for any physician due to its high incidence and variable clinical presentation, and particularly due to its clinical deductions over several medical fortes.

Explain Some Ways in Which Environment Can Be Structured...

Explain some ways in which environment can be structured to facilitate communication in children/ young people with SLCN Introduction. Speech, language and communication play a vital role in our lives. Without being able to talk to, and understand other people we can’t do things alike: Almost everything we do involves speech, language and or communication Children develop communication skills from birth. They rely on speech, language and communication to be able to learn at school and play with their friends. They need these skills to reach their full potential. Children begin to understand words before they can say them. They then learn how to say these words and how to put them together to make sentences. Some develop quickly,†¦show more content†¦These words and concepts are vital for making sense of new information or ideas that they are finding out about. Children and young people’s interactions at school with adults and their peers are crucial in supporting their learning. Research has shown that in areas of social disadvantage, at least 50% of children have delayed language. (Locke, A., Ginsborg, J., and Peers, I. 2002) however, it’s important to note that children and young people from all areas and backgrounds can have delayed language. Clinical Pragmatics reflects an emerging awareness that some communication difficulties could not be attributed to ‘purely’ linguistic problems. For a long time before that, practicing speech and language therapists had worked with children and adults whose primary difficulties seemed to lie with the understanding and/or production of connected discourse. (‘Relevance Theory and Communication Disorders’ Eeva Leinonen and Nuala Ryder, 2008.) Communication is the basis of our lives and we would in this day and age, be handicapped without it. Everyday we are communicating with each other in some way or another, be it by using words, actions or even expressions in conveying a message. Communication refers to the exchange of thoughts and ideas with the intention of conveying information. The purpose of communication is to convey ones beliefs, ideas, thoughts, or needs with clarity so as to reach a consensus or a mutually acceptableShow MoreRelatedSpeech Language and Communication Needs3936 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Communication is a two way process which allows us to express our thoughts and feelings to others, while allowing us in turn to understand what others are trying to convey to us. Communication involves speech and language (verbal) as well as facial expression, gesture and body language (non-verbal). Communication is an essential life skill for children and young people and it underpins their social, emotional and educational development. (Bercow 2008) To communicate effectively weRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesQUALIFICATION HANDBOOK Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (3978-51/52/53/54/55/56) December 2011 Version 2.1 (July 2011) Qualification at a glance Subject area City Guilds number Age group approved Entry requirements Assessment Fast track Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) 3978 19+ There are no entry requirements Portfolio of Evidence, PracticalRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesQAA-recognised Access to H.E qualifications. The flexible and adult-friendly ethos of Ascentis has resulted in centres throughout the UK choosing to run its qualifications. Ascentis Contact Details Ascentis Office 4, Lancaster Business Park Mannin Way, Caton Road Lancaster LA1 3SW Tel: 01524 845046 www.ascentis.co.uk Company limited by guarantee. Registered in England and Wales No. 6799564. Registered Charity No. 1129180. O:\ASCENTIS\Programmes\Vocational\Educational and Training\Support StaffRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 PagesCACHE Qualification Specification CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE  © Copyright 2011 All rights reserved worldwide.    Reproduction by approved CACHE centres is permissible for internal use under the following conditions: CACHE has provided this Qualification Specification in Microsoft Word format to enable its Centres to use its content more flexibly within their own

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Being An Ethical Business

Ethical issues Ethics are moral guidelines which govern good behaviour, so behaving ethically is doing what is morally right. If you’re an ethical business then you would have a slight edge over your competitors, who aren’t ethical. As trust between the customers and the shop develop and they remain loyal to the business even during difficult period. This establishes a new kind of customers even if they aren’t a lot of them, customers who could always continue buying from Mc Donald as they learn to trust ethical brands sold by the company. However, being an ethical business would cost a business more money so would reduce a company’s freedom to maximize its profit. For example: due to the horse meat incident of Tesco’s people started not†¦show more content†¦The resulting negative publicity can cause long-range damage to the company’s reputation. Disadvantages of being an ethical business The cost of the business would increase as the expenses would increase. As corporations and business pay foreign workers a minimum wage or even lower to make their products, which wouldn’t cost business large sum of money. But if a business was to act ethically, the cost of paying the worker would go significantly high as government expects a business to pay every worker fairly so this would decrease the profits generated. Also, being ethical reduces the freedom to maximise its profit as a business would move its manufacturing facility to a LEDC. This would reduce the cost as practices like child labour, poor health and safety are acceptable in the country due to lack of law and regulations. In addition, there would be additional cost to a business as they need to train their management and the employees to the highest standard so they are respectful and obedient towards the customers and are expert in their chosen field. 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Syllabus Corporate Finance and Business Journal/newspaper...

BUSI K4003 Corporate Finance Syllabus Summer 2012, (Summer Q) Instructor: Brendan Mallee bm2115@columbia.edu Class Time/Location: July 2nd – August 8th MW 6:10-9:30pm / Hamilton Hall 516 Course Description: This course examines important issues in corporate finance from the perspective of financial managers who are responsible for making significant investment and financing decisions. The course is designed to develop critical corporate finance skills including: financial statement analysis, time value of money, valuation of stocks and bonds, net present value, risk adjusted return, opportunity cost of capital, capital budgeting and planning, company valuation and Mamp;A. At the end of this course students will†¦show more content†¦It is essential to the academic integrity and vitality of this community that individuals do their own work and properly acknowledge the circumstances, ideas, sources and assistance upon which that work is based. Academic honesty in class assignments and exams is expected of all students at all times. SCE holds each member of its community responsible for understanding and abiding by the SCE Academic Integrity and Community Standards at: http://ce.columbia.edu/node/217. You are required to read these standards within the first few days of class. Ignorance of the School s policy concerning academic dishonesty shall not be a defense in any disciplinary proceedings. 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Under the copyrightRead More64577569 An Internship Report on Chartered Accountant Firm14353 Words   |  58 PagesAccountants  ofPakistan  ( ICAP) ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Types of Chartered Accountants ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role of  Ã‚  ICAP Chapter #  3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Services Rendered by a CA Firm ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Auditing ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taxation ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management Consultancy ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professional consultancy ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corporate Services Chapter # 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Auditing ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Origin of Auditing ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History of Auditing in  Pakistan ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of Auditing ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Objects of Auditing ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Types of Auditing ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Auditing Procedure ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Audit Programme ï â€ Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  DutiesRead MoreInternational Financial Accounting155754 Words   |  624 PagesS T U D Y PAPER F3 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING (INTERNATIONAL) In this edition, approved by ACCA We discuss the best strategies for studying for ACCA exams We highlight the most important elements in the syllabus and the key skills you will need We signpost how each chapter links to the syllabus and the study guide We provide lots of exam focus points demonstrating what the examiner will want you to do We emphasise key points in regular fast forward summaries We test your knowledge of what you veRead MoreDebonairs Pizza Product-Market Expansion Growth Strategies27204 Words   |  109 PagesMASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA YEAR 1) COURSE AND ASSIGNMENT HANDBOOK JULY 2010 INTAKE Course and Assignment Handbook – July 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 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Compare and contrast the attractions and facilities for visitors Free Essays

Weston-Super-Mare and Brean Leisure Park are two different tourist sites near each other. * Compare and contrast the attractions and facilities for visitors to these areas * What impact does tourism have on the surrounding area? * Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? Weston-Super-Mare Brean Leisure Park Introduction This project is based around tourism, we have been asked to answer a question that is about tourism in the two areas near to each other. These two areas are Weston-Super-Mare seafront and Brean Leisure Park. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast the attractions and facilities for visitors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The question is first, to compare and contrast the attractions and facilities for visitors to these areas. Two, what impact does tourism have on the surrounding area? And three, do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? The first question is the main question, I think that it is asking me to find out which area is the best area for tourism, environmental issues, residential issues (what the locals think) and which area is the best to go to? The locations we are to investigate are; Weston Super Mare seafront and Brean Leisure Park, both of these locations are near each other on the south west coast of England, the areas we are covering are roughly the same size and are both roughly the same distance from any motorway or major road, this road is the M5 motorway. This will make the investigation slightly fairer between the two locations. Maps of the Region and Local Area The grid references for the two locations are: Weston-Super-Mare Seafront (Pier): 51à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20`51.50†³N + 2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½58`54.97†³W Brean Leisure Park (Main Entrance): 51à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½17`07.28†³N + 3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½00`40.79†³W Main Cities The main cities near to the two locations are Bristol, Bath, Swindon and Southampton, big towns would include Bridgewater, Minehead, Clevedon, Street and maybe Frome. Major Transport Link The most major transport link that is closest to Weston and Brean is the M5 running south past Bristol, Weston, Brean and Lympsham. Most tourists would use this route to get to the two areas. Also the M4 is linked to the M5. This is our sphere of influence, the area in which our tourism and advertisement will be most beneficial and listened to. The background of tourism in Weston is an old record, the original reason that Weston became a tourist town goes back to Victorian times, this is when British beach holidays became really popular, and therefore it has been a tourist centre for years and is still on top as one of the best places to go for a British holiday. It has many attractions such as a high street for shopping, an arcade town for gaming and the grand pier for more gaming; this makes it very popular for people to come to have a good time, either over the weekend or for a week. There are brilliant amenities such as a hospital, toilets, bins, restaurants and accommodation. On the other hand Brean has different types of attractions and amenities such as a Leisure Park and the beach, the amenities are almost the same as Weston except the accommodation is set up as caravan parks instead of hotels, Weston has no caravans but it has many hotels lining the seafront which I think may turn out to be a major difference in how much and what type of tourism each location gets. Brean in general started as a natural area full of historical value. The national trust took ownership and protected the Down (The Main Headland) from any building, although others started building around it, it apparently started interest when people began to come to the site for holidays and then found out about the Neapolitan Fort (also used in World War 2) and also the fascinating history of the headland. Overall people get attracted to this general region not only because of the beaches, even though it’s the main popularity reason but also all around the area there are major shopping center’s, entertainment in Bristol and also surrounding Weston and Brean are the Mendip hills, perfect for a walking and camping holidays. How to cite Compare and contrast the attractions and facilities for visitors, Papers

ICT Project Management

Question: Discuss about the ICT Project Management. Answer: Project methodology and its role in project management A strategic level plan that is used for controlling the development of the software is termed as project methodology. Conforto et al. (2014) depicts that project methodology is utilized for the developing every stage of the project lifecycle- defining, planning, executing and final delivery of the project before closure which intends to accomplish a business goal in a flexible way. Image 1: Project Life Cycle (Source: Conforto et al. 2014) An appropriate project methodology defines each phase of the project life cycle with accuracy. Serrador and Pinto (2015) illustrates that in the definition phase of the project development, the project methodology specifies the goals of the task for which the software is developed. Moreover, the responsibility of the software is also described in the definition phase. Conforto et al. (2014) also portrays that in the planning phase, the schedule, budget and required resources are defined with accuracy so that the software can be developed properly. Waterfall and Agile project methodology Compare and contrast Mahadevan et al. (2015) depicts that both the waterfall and the agile project methodology is used for the development of software for a business purpose. However, the major problem is that the waterfall project methodology is rigid and inflexible division of each phase of the project and all the testing phase has to be done before the implementation so that the final product can be evaluated perfectly; however, an agile methodology is used to resolve the disadvantage the waterfall methodology. Balaji and Murugaiyan (2012) illustrates that waterfall model is not suitable if the requirement for developing software is not clear but in agile methodology the software can be developed even of the requirement is not clear. Similarities and differences Conforto et al. (2014) illustrates that in case of similarities, a project manager or test manager uses both the project methodology for developing software in a systematic manner. Each phase critically follows the project requirements- design of the requirements, designing the software, implementation of the code for formulating the software and then verification and maintenance of the software. Waterfall project methodology Agile project methodology Requirements The requirements for developing the software have to be done before the initiation phase. The requirements of the software development can be changed whenever necessary. Test Planning Software development project planning is done before testing phase. The planning process is performed before the software development and during the project development (Balaji Murugaiyan, 2012). Testing Phase Testing phase starts after the completion of each phase of the software modules Testing phase can be incorporated into every phase of the software development Change of requirements The requirement of the software development cannot be changed at any stage The requirement of the software can be changed at any phase of the software development. Acceptance Testing The testing of the final software is done by the customer for analyzing whether all the requirements was fulfilled or not (Mahadevan et al., 2015). The testing of the completed software is performed by each team member for each iteration of the testing of the software Table 1: Difference between waterfall and agile project methodology (Source: Created by Author) Relation with the project life cycle In the project development cycle, the waterfall model develops the software in a sequential manner so that the progress of the formulation of software can be done in a steady manner. Figure 2: Waterfall project methodology (Source: Mahadevan et al. 2015) In this phase, all the requirement of the software is noted from the customer so that the final software can be delivered to the customer (Mahadevan et al., 2015). The plan is then formulated and the test manager will initiate the designing process. The waterfall model is easy to manage due to its rigidness and the test manager possesses a special ability to depict the project objective at the beginning. Figure 3: Agile project methodology (Source: Bose Thakur 2013) However, in the agile project methodology, Serrador and Pinto (2015) portrays that the project can be delivered more quickly and there is a closer collaboration between developers and the business. Customer changes their requirements at any point of the processand test managers can improve the coding of each module for continuous improvement. Test Manager will test the feasibility of the project- financial, practically and technologically feasible. Bose and Thakur (2013) demonstrates that in both of the project methodology the responsibility does not end after the delivery of the final products, the software maintenance plays a crucial role in both the software development of the project development and update it according to the changing requirements of the customer and the business. Reference List Balaji, S., Murugaiyan, M. S. (2012). Waterfall vs. V-Model vs. Agile: A comparative study on SDLC.International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management,2(1), 26-30. Bose, L., Thakur, S. (2013). Introducing Agile into a Non Agile Project Analysis Of Agile Methodology With Its Issues And Challenges.International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science,4(2). Conforto, E. C., Salum, F., Amaral, D. C., da Silva, S. L., de Almeida, L. F. M. (2014). Can agile project management be adopted by industries other than software development?.Project Management Journal,45(3), 21-34. Mahadevan, L., Kettinger, W. J., Meservy, T. O. (2015). Running on Hybrid: Control Changes when Introducing an Agile Methodology in a Traditional Waterfall System Development Environment.Communications of the Association for Information Systems,36(1), 5. Serrador, P., Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), 1040-1051. ICT Project Management Question: Discuss about the ICT Project Management. Answer: Swot Analysis of Grand Wines Ltd. The use of SWOT analysis is for evaluating the core prospects of an organization (strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat). It is market analysis tool that helps the market analyst for determining their core strengths and weaknesses along with evaluation of the threats and opportunities for the organization (Sevkli, 2012). The use of SWOT analysis is beneficial for assisting the managers and market analyst of the organization to form strategies for the improvement of their operations. The following chart has shown the SWOT analysis of Grand Wines Ltd. Strengths 1. Leader in production of Wine 2. Market Capture by 400 centres distributed all over NSW 3. Financial Strong Capital 4. Firm branding image of the organization 5. Improved Marketing Strategies Weakness 1. Absence of technological advancement 2. Absence of automatic data entry process 3. Consuming more time for completing the processes 4. Not able to provide service on time 5. Errors by human in sales data entry recording Opportunity 1. Scope for implying the information system 2. Growth of Market Size 3. Chances for implementing the global operations 4. Growth in demand of wine 5. Ease of operations used in the organization Threats 1. Dissatisfied Customers due to service lag 2. Transportation hindrances 3. No automatic information processing 4. Imposed taxes and rates on wine production 5. Strong competitors in wine production The explanation of the point mentioned in the SWOT analysis of Grand Wines Ltd. has been provided in the following points: Strengths: Grand wines has been using the production and marketing of wines and other liquors in the state of NSW. The strengths of Grand Wines include leader in production of wine, market Capture by 400 centers distributed all over NSW, financial strong capital, firm branding image of the organization, and improved marketing strategies. The company had been doing their business since a long time and the use of good marketing strategies and operations have resulted in making a branding image in the winery market. Weaknesses: It is crucial for analysing the weaknesses of the company for improving their functions and operations. The weaknesses of Grand Wines Ltd. include absence of technological advancement, absence of automatic data entry process, consuming more time for completing the processes, not able to provide service on time, and errors by human in sales data entry recording process. The most primary weakness of Grand Wines is lack of information system that has resulted in delay of operations and growth of dissatisfaction among customers. Opportunities: The business processes is based on the utilization of opportunities for getting commercial benefit. The growth of wine industries are based on the development of the operations and increase of market size. The opportunities of the Grand Wines Ltd include the scope for implying the information system, growth of market size, chances for implementing the global operations, growth in demand of wine, and ease of operations used in the organization. The use of these opportunities would help Grand Wines for forming a better framework of operations. Threats: The threats are very common in any organization or industry in form of competitions and government laws. The threats for the operation and development of the Grand Wines Ltd. include the dissatisfied customers due to service lag, transportation hindrances, no automatic information processing, imposed taxes and rates on wine production, and strong competitors in wine production. The government imposed excise duty and the lack of the information processing system are the main hindrance for the revenue generation and development of Grand Wines Ltd. Project Manager: , johnnytre@xyzmail.com, Project Objectives Aim of the project: The project for the implementation of the information system has two primary aims like- Building plan for the information system implementing process at the Grand Wines Ltd. Using the concept of project management tools and techniques for the project completion Objectives of the project: The objectives of the project is for designing a plan that would help in implementation of the information system for Grand Wines Ltd. are- Developing a plan for the implementation of the information system Implementing and integrating the operations and information system at Grand Wines Ltd. Completing the budget in stipulated time and budget Primary Deliverable of the project: The project of Implementation of information system would be helpful for delivering- Project plan to implement the information system at Grand Wines Ltd. Forming the implementation process for the information system at Grand Wines Ltd. Benefits of the project: The benefits of the Implementation of information system project are- Formation of a project plan with the aid of project management concept that could be used for future projects of development Replacing the manual data storage system with the automatic information system Increasing the efficiency of the operations of the organization Limitation of the project: The project has certain limitations that cannot be overlooked and it includes- Analysis of the performance of the project with respect to time factor Individual performance evaluation of the team members is also not possible Acceptance Criteria The project of Implementation of information system has to face some issues and problems during the progress of operations. Hence, there are some criteria that must be considered for comparing the success criteria of the project. These factors act as a tool against which the project progress is critically evaluated. The factors include- Performance (providing access to mainstream database and automatically recording of the data) Information security and privacy Expenses by the organization Time consumption of the project. The deliverances of the project are- Cost benefit analysis of the information system Use of project management techniques and tools Implementation process for information system Assumptions and Constraints The Implementation of information system project covers an area of information system and project management concepts. Hence, there are many factors that have affect on the operations of the project. The assumptions that has to be included in the project are- It is assumed that the technical support of the Grand Wines are compatible with the proposed information system It is assumed that all types of resources (human, economic, and technical) can be achieved It is assumed that the team members included in the project would work together and would be compatible with each other The constraints factors that has to be included in the project are- The primary constraints of the project are time and cost factor. The budget allocated to the project is AUS 60,000 and time period given was of 6 months duration. Conflicts among team members are another constraint factor that can be raised among the project team The lack of knowledge for the information system usages would be a hindrance for the project completion StakeholderList Stakeholder No Name and Signature Role and Responsibility Position Contact Information 1 Johnny Cooper Johnny Cooper Management of the project operations Project manager johnnytre@xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX 2 Simon Peterson Simon Peterson Making crucial and big information CEO Petesimn34@ xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX 3 Jack Nicolson Jack Nicolson Investing money in the project operations Investor roljck78@ xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX 4 Ronda Jones Ronda Jones Plan making for the project Planner rjones90@ xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX 5 Katherine Johnson Katherine Johnson Coordination of the project activities Coordinator Katie9yh@ xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX 6 Michael Lewis Michael Lewis Designing of the information system for the project Designer mchlws908@ xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX 7 Bill Jones Bill Jones Enjoys the benefits of the services by paying some amount Client jbill@xyz.com 0420 XXX XXX Lessons Learned The lessons that can be learnt from the assignment are taking the benefit of the project management tools for the successful completion of project, role of information system for the operations of any organizations, plan for the implementation of the information system, and scope for the future development. The communication plan and project charter are very useful for communicating the progress, deliverable, objective and scope of the project. Communication Plan Template Plan purpose The main purpose for the making of plans for the operations of implementation of information system project is for making sure that the implementation process of the information system would carry on without any hindrance or error. The project planning assist the project manager for making a sequential form of operations framework and dividing the work among the team members. It would help in completing the project within the schedule and achieve the final goal of the project. The operations in a project management include the process of planning, developing, designing, and executing. The use of the above mentioned processes helps in formation of a sequential and structured framework of operations for the completion of project. The benefit of team communication is for making other team members realise any error or flaw in the system and getting solutions for the problem from the team members. Organizational, Project, Formality, and Channel are the perspective upon which the communication is dependant in the project operations. The 3 channels of communication in a project are Lateral, Downward, and Upward communication. The perspective of a type of communication channel is shown below- Lateral Communication Project and Channel Perspective Upward Communication Formality Perspective Downward Communication Organizational Perspective Change management Kotters 8 model is a study of change management that is useful for management of any effects of the change raised in the project. The model consists of 8 steps that can be followed for incorporating the changes in a project with the change of requirements (Appelbaum, 2012). The steps are- Step Activity 1st Step The step deals with creating an urgency with respect to the change required in the project 2nd Step The step deals with the formation of solid coalition 3rd Step The step deals with the formation of a vision statement for the project 4th Step The step deals with the use of communication channel for broadcasting of vision 5th Step The step deals with the elimination of the hindrances from the system 6th Step The step deals with the formation of short term goals for the project 7th Step The step deals with putting focus on the change management 8th Step The step deals with incorporation of changes in project operations Meeting agenda Below is the list of meetings agenda of Grand Mines Ltd. For their project: 1st meeting acknowledging the team members with the project objectives and clients requirements 2nd meeting making plans for the project operations 3rd meeting checking project progress an operations 4th meeting Outcome from the project is discussed and evaluated 5th meeting Closure of the project is achieved and future scope is listed The operations of the project that is helpful for reaching their goals and completing the objectives of the project are researching, planning, decision making, distributing, and completing the project. The researching phase include the analysis of project requirements and information gathering. The planning phase helps in formulation of plan for project proposal The decision making step is the process for selecting correct choices for the project operations. Distribution is the phase where the work is distributed among the team members. Closure is the final step where the project ends with the formation of a report of project summary. Stakeholder Information to be shared Frequency of information exchange Location of information exchange Purpose of communication Mechanism for communication CEO Schedule of the project Progress of the project Monthly basis Board meetings Telling them about the expected project completion date and its progress project progress reports Investors Projects goals and objectives At the start of the project Investors meeting Making them invest in the project project charter document Project Manager Project progress Weekly basis Meetings Explaining of the project progress Documents, face to face talk References Appelbaum, S. H., Habashy, S., Malo, J. L., Shafiq, H. (2012). Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), 764-782. Sevkli, M., Oztekin, A., Uysal, O., Torlak, G., Turkyilmaz, A., Delen, D. (2012). Development of a fuzzy ANP based SWOT analysis for the airline industry in Turkey.Expert Systems with Applications,39(1), 14-24.