When to Use On-Reading and Kun-Reading for Kanji in Japanese Writing

When to Use On-Reading and Kun-Reading for Kanji in Japanese Writing Kanji are  characters used in modern Japanese writing, equivalent to the Arabic letters in the alphabet used in English, French, and other Western languages. Theyre based on written Chinese characters, and along with hiragana and katakana, kanji make up all of written Japanese.   Kanji was imported from China around the fifth century. The Japanese incorporated both the original Chinese reading and their native Japanese reading, based on what was then an entirely spoken version of the Japanese language.    Sometimes in Japanese, the pronunciation of a particular kanji character is based on its Chinese origin, but not in every instance. Since theyre based on an ancient version of the Chinese pronunciation, on-readings usually bear little resemblance to their modern-day counterparts.   Here we explain the difference between on-reading and kun-reading of kanji characters. Its not the easiest concept to understand and is probably not something beginning students of Japanese need to worry about. But if your goal is to become proficient or even fluent in Japanese, it will be important to understand the subtle differences between on-reading and kun-reading of some of the most used kanji characters in Japanese.   How to Decide Between On-Reading and Kun-Reading Simply put, on-reading (On-yomi) is the Chinese reading of a kanji character. It is based on the sound of the kanji character as pronounced by the Chinese at the time the character was introduced, and also from the area it was imported. So an  on-reading of a given word might be quite different from modern standard Mandarin. The kun-reading (Kun-yomi) is the native Japanese reading associated with the meaning of a kanji.   Meaning On-reading Kun-reading mountain () san yama river ( sen kawa flower () ka hana Almost all kanji have On-readings except for most of the kanji that were developed in Japan (e.g. è ¾ ¼ has only Kun-readings). Some dozen kanji dont have Kun-readings, but most kanji have multiple readings.   Unfortunately, there is no simple way to explain when to use  On-reading or Kun-reading. Those learning Japanese need to memorize how to  correctly stress syllables and proper  pronunciation  on an individual basis, one word at a time.   On-reading is usually used when the kanji is a part of a compound (two or more kanji characters are placed side by site). Kun-reading is used when the kanji is used on its own, either as a complete noun or as adjective stems and verb stems. This is not a hard and fast  rule, but at least you can make a better guess.   Lets take a look at the kanji character for æ ° ´ (water). The on-reading for the character is sui and the Kun-reading is mizu. æ ° ´ (mizu) is a word in its own right, meaning water. The kanji compound æ ° ´Ã¦â€ºÅ"æâ€" ¥(Wednesday) is read as suiyoubi. Kanji On-reading Kun-reading - ongaku(music) - otosound - seiza(constellation) - hoshi(star) - shinbun(newspaper) -atara(shii) (new) - shokuyoku(appetite) - ta(beru)(to eat)

Examples of Toponym or Place Name

Examples of Toponym or Place Name A toponym is a  place name or a word coined in association with the name of a place. Adjectives: toponymic and toponymous. The study of such place names is known as toponymics or toponymy- a branch of onomastics. Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route), drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the name of a village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond), and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground). EtymologyFrom the Greek, place name Examples and Observations The name Chicago is first recorded in 1688 in a French document, where it appears as Chigagou, an Algonquian word meaning onion field.(The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000)An angry aide characterized the shopping spree as Wasilla hillbillies looting Neiman Marcus from coast to coast.(Hackers and Spending Sprees, Newsweek, Nov. 5, 2008)Hooterville was Xanadu with pickup trucks, an odd yet comfortable land with an irresistible charm.(Craig Tomashoff, When Life Was Simple. The New York Times, July 4, 1999)The Influence of the DanesWhen we find more than 600 places like Grimsby, Whitby, Derby, Rugby, and Thoresby, with names ending in -ly, nearly all of them in the district occupied by the Danes, we have striking evidence of the number of Danes who settled in England.(Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language. Routledge Kegan Paul, 1978)Dutch TermsEnglishmen have pretty much considered anyone theyve come into contact with as being lazy , poor, cowardly, untrustworthy, thieving, and of substandard morality, a mind-set of superiority reflected in a litany of set phrases in the language. . . .Surprisingly, those who got the worst of English abuse were the Dutch. Most expressions we now use concerning the people of Holland are harmless, such as Dutch door, double Dutch, and Dutch oven, but previously, terms containing Dutch were the idiomatic equivalent of a Polack joke. A bookie who loses money is a Dutch book; Dutch courage is inspired only by booze; if youre in Dutch, youre in prison, or pregnant; and a Dutch widow is a prostitute. Still in wide use is to go Dutch, which describes an actionnot paying for your datethat languages around the rest of the globe call to go American.(John B. Marciano, Toponymity: An Atlas of Words. Bloomsbury, 2010) Toponyms From American Indian WordsThousands of toponyms in the United States and Canada derive from American Indian words. One is Chanhassen, a Twin Cities suburb in Minnesota. In the Sioux language, this word refers to the sugar maple tree. The place name translates to the tree with sweet juice. Sometimes the reference is not so pleasant. Stinkingwater Peak, Wyoming, takes its unflattering name from a nearby river.(Gerald R. Pitzl,  Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Greenwood, 2004)The MississippiIn Algonquian, the forms linked together in a toponym are descriptive as in Mohican missi-tuk big river, and the toponym as a whole is used to identify a particular place [that is, Mississippi].(William C. McCormack and Stephen A. Wurm, Approaches to Language: Anthropological Issues. Mouton, 1978)Magenta, Duffel Bag, and PaisleyMagenta is a reddish-pink color, and it is a toponym. The rather upbeat color is named after a downbeat scenethe blood-soaked battlefield at the Battle of Magenta in Italy in 1859 (Freeman, 1997). Other toponyms include duffel bag (Duffel, Belgium), sardines (the island of Sardinia), and paisley (Paisley, Scotland).(Dale D. Johnson, Bonnie von Hoff Johnson, and Kathleen Schlichting, Logology: Word and Language Play. Vocabulary Instruction: Research to Practice, ed. by James F. Baumann and Edward J. Kameenui. Guilford, 2004) Tuxedo Park, Marathon, Bikini, and LyceumWords that you might not suspect were toponyms include tuxedo (Tuxedo Park, New York), marathon (from the battle of Marathon, Greece . . .), spartan (from Sparta in ancient Greece), bikini (an atoll in the Pacific where the atomic and hydrogen bombs were tested), [and] lyceum (a gymnasium near Athens where Aristotle taught) . . ..(Charles H. Elster, What in the Word? Harvest, 2005)The Lighter Side of Toponyms: Westward Ho!The village of Westward Ho! in Devon, England, is the only place name in England that ends in an exclamation point. The village borrowed its name from the title of Charles Kingsleys popular novel set in nearby BidefordWestward Ho! (1855). Pronunciation: TOP-eh-nim

Blackhead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blackhead - Essay Example Two of such conditions are mentioned below; tetany and diabetes. Tetany: Calcium ion, Ca+2, is an essential ion in the proper functioning of all cells in the body. Hence, its maintenance in the blood within a narrow range is very important, as both its excess and deficiency can have very unpleasant effects. Normally, it is kept at a concentration of around 10mg/100ml. This is achieved by the antagonistic effect of two hormones; calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland in cases of excess calcium ion concentration in the blood, and so it reduces the concentration by causing increased calcium deposition in the bones, and reducing uptake of the ion by the intestines and the kidneys. On the other hand, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released by the parathyroid glands in cases of a lowering of blood calcium levels from the normal, and so it induces an increased absorption of the ion by the intestines and the kidneys, and an increased decomposition of mineral calcium into the calcium ion by osteoclasts in the b ones, thereby increasing the concentration in the blood and returning it to normal. However, in the condition known as tetany, there is a dramatic decrease in the blood calcium levels, resulting in uncontrolled convulsive contractions of the skeletal muscles. If worsened, tetany can be fatal. Hence, the homeostatic control of calcium levels in the blood is compromised, resulting in dire effects on the body. Diabetes: the blood glucose levels are maintained around a narrow set point of 90mg/100ml. Glucose levels are monitored and controlled with the antagonistic functioning of two hormones, both released by the pancreas; insulin and glucagon. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level by inducing an increased uptake of glucose by the cells, and its conversion to glycogen to be stored in the liver and muscles, a decrease in the conversion of amino acids and fatty acids to glucose, and inhibiting glycogen breakdown in the liver. Glucagon, on the other hand, reduces blood glucose levels by decreasing an uptake of glucose by the cells, so that more glucose is present in the blood, an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and an increased conversion of amino acids and fatty acids into glucose. However, in the condition called diabetes, be it Type1 or Type2, there is a drastic increase in the blood glucose levels, either due to insufficient insulin production by the pancre as (Type1), or a decrease in the response of the target cells to insulin (Type2). Glucose concentration if increased so much that it is secreted by the kidneys in urine, and as excess urine is formed, this leads to dehydration and glucose accumulation in the blood. However, this glucose can not be utilized by the cells for metabolism due

'To what extent is the study of the self relevant to social care work' Essay

'To what extent is the study of the self relevant to social care work' - Essay Example These three are the core pillars that a person should always put into consideration in establishing an effective community involvement. The importance of knowing the reflexive consciousness aspect is that it covers self awareness, self knowledge and self esteem. These three creates a doorway for a person to see the outline of his personal being before engaging into inter-personal activity like social work. First self awareness and self knowledge provides a person a clear blue print of his strengths and weaknesses that as a result, provides a strong self conceptualization. The main goal here is for self enhancement which is very important to achieve self esteem whenever a person will engage in a social work. Confident to relate with other can be acquired if a person knows that he will be effective enough to handle social situations. It is a matter of getting into the public, so a person’s knowledge of his â€Å"self† creates a path or direction on how to bridge to the public. The next thing that follows in understanding self is the interpersonal and social capabilities that are achieved in effectively knowing your â€Å"self†. At this point, what is important is to how you can cater with the social world. This is dealing with other people, so self enhancement will now come from the feed back that a person could get from the people. This is a matter of presenting â€Å"self† to the society which is the core rule of social and interpersonal being. In developing social and interpersonal skill, a person will be guided by the concept of knowing what the society and culture of the society wants, thus gathering impressions from the social world. Competence in dealing with others is on the basis of the impression management which is an external factor. At the end, the most important part which establishes the relationship between self and social work is when a person will be doing his function as social care agent which requires self

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation Drawing on appropriate literature, provide a critical analysis of the application of health promotion philosophies, principles and approaches underpinning public health practice in relation to a relevant topic (e.g. any public health policy in the UK) The chosen public health topic is smoking. The student has selected this subject because it is a current issue of particular relevance because of the prohibition to premises becoming smoke- free if they are open to the public, due to be enforced in England in July 2007 (Health Act 2006). Smoking is also an important topic because it has been identified as the single most significant public health problem in the UK (Royal College of Physicians 2000); approximately 114,000 smokers in the UK die as a result of smoking (Action on Smoking and Health 2005). The treatment of smoking- related conditions costs the National Health Service (NHS) up to  £1.7 billion per year with an estimated cost of  £1.7 million to British industry every year as the result of lost working hours caused by smoking- related illness (Gommans 2005). According to Tannahill (1985) health promotion is a broad concept which encompasses health education and health prevention. Health education refers to working with groups and individuals to promote healthy behaviours, whereas health prevention refers to strategies which prevent ill- health such as immunisation. Public health is defined as: ‘The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society’ (Acheson 1988) This definition implies a collective approach; however public health has been criticised as being medically dominated (McPherson 2001). Philosophies of health promotion provide a framework for exploring our rationale and justification for wanting to change health- related behaviour. Seedhouse (2002) refers to health promotion as a ‘moral endeavour’; in other words health professionals are required to make judgments about if, how and when to intervene in relation to the health behaviours of patients, clients and service users, taking into account individual needs and priorities. In some cases health behaviours affect not only the individual but others, also; this applies to the effects of secondary smoking, for example. Taking into account the secondary effects of health behaviours may impact upon the ‘moral endeavour’ of health professionals and health policy makers. Moral judgements underpin the work of health professionals; the student recalls an incident when a lady aged 100 who had smoked all of her adult life and who clearly did not have long to live, asked to be helped to smoke a cigar ette. This simple act gave her pleasure and it seemed irrational and unkind not to respond to her request. Moral judgements are not always straightforward. Philosophical principles applicable to health promotion include logic; the development of reasoned argument (Naidoo and Wills 2000a). Our arguments for changing health-related behaviour are evidence- based involving for example, the type of statistics about smoking highlighted in para 1 of this page. There is a large body of evidence which supports the argument that smoking is damaging to health and yet, as discussed further on (para.2, p.4), it can be seen that individuals do not always respond to logical reasoned argument in relation to modifying health- behaviours. Epistemology, another philosophical principle, is concerned with the debate about truth, in this case exploring what health really means. There are different models of health including the medical and social models. The medical model is concerned with the categorisation of illness and disease and with specific medical interventions given by the ‘expert’ (the health professional) to the patient, who has traditionally been a passive recipient of this expert advice and intervention. A social model of health involves a broader interpretation of health which is influenced by a range of determinants, such as age, gender, socioeconomic factors, education and environment. Within this model, strategies to improve health status adopt a wider perspective than the medical model, seeking to address the aforementioned determinants. In relation to health promotion, the medical model might not take into consideration, factors which affect the individual’s behaviour such as their socioeconomic status. There is evidence that smoking behaviour is more prevalent among more disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Gulliford et al 2003). It is important therefore to take into consideration this and other, factors when developing health promotion strategies and not to reduce the issue to one of the giving and receiving of information with an assumption that behaviour will be modified as a result. Health promotion philosophies are also concerned with ethics. The theory of ethics is divided into two main categories: deontological and consequential. Deontology is concerned with our duty to behave according to a set of moral principles. On page 1, paragraph 5, the issues/ dilemmas involved for health professionals in making moral judgements, were referred to. Consequential ethics are based on the premise that a judgment about whether an action is right or wrong is dependent on its end result, in other words whether the ends justify the means. This has some interesting implications for health promotion. Further on (p.4) some health promotion strategies are discussed including a debate about the use of legislation, i.e. enforcement, to bring about health- related behavioural change. As stated earlier (para.1, p.1) this issue is of particular relevance to smoking. The argument for enforcement is that the end result of reducing smoking behaviours and resultant improvement in health s tatus as well as savings made to the cost of healthcare, justifies the prohibition legislation. Broad approaches to health promotion reflect the models of health referred to (para. 2 on this page) and are categorised by Naidoo and Wills (2000b) as medical/ preventative; behavioural change; educational; empowerment and social change. Within the medical approach there are three levels of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. To apply these specifically to smoking; the primary level aims to prevent smoking behaviour before it begins, the secondary level is concerned with preventing the recurrence of a smoking- related illness or disease by encouraging the patient to give up smoking and the tertiary level is about promoting quality of life within a chronic condition such as diabetes, in which case the message would be that the individual’s quality of life would be optimised if they do not smoke. The behavioural approach focuses on lifestyle issues (Laverack 2004) Emphasis is placed upon the individual’s responsibility for health which does not take into account factors outwith the individual’s control and as such, this approach has been criticised for being ‘victim- blaming’ (Tones and Tilford 2001), shifting responsibility away from the government for example, in relation to individual health status. The educational approach is less about placing responsibility on individuals in relation to their health- related behaviours and more about giving information and facilitating people to make informed choices about their lifestyle choices. This approach relates to the rational- empirical strategy described further on (para. 2, p.4) as it is based on the assumption that giving people information will lead to attitudinal and behavioural change. As will be seen, this does not always happen. This approach is also dependent on a level of concordance from the individual, for example a commitment to attend regular sessions as part of an educational programme. The empowerment approach reflects the normative- re-educative strategy described further on (para. 4, p. 4) and entails giving people the means to have increased control over the determinants that affect their health status. This involves community participation, a collective approach which is embedded within the philosophy of public health. According to Laverack (2004) there can be different interpretations of what constitutes a ‘community’. We tend to think in terms of a geographical community; a locality. It might be more effective in health promotion terms to think of a community as a group with shared characteristics, such as young people. The reality of community participation is that it tends to be more evident among communities who are educated and higher up the socioeconomic scale. People who are disadvantaged are less lilkely to be motivated to participate in health- related programmes- they may feel marginalised and are preoccupied with the issues that their s ituation presents, such as concerns about housing and income; health promotion is not viewed as a priority, and smoking might be used as a means of helping them to cope with adversity (Hanson Hoffman 1998). This leads onto the notion of the social change approach. This is quite a complex concept that involves health promotion initiating and driving social change in order to improve conditions that are conducive to health (Erben et al 2000). Social change would involve making the sorts of improvements that would place health issues more firmly on everybody’s agenda. There are many factors that contribute to social change such as legislation and shifts in ideas about codes of behaviour. For example, attitudes about sexual behaviour have changed over the years, contributing to health issues such as increased incidence of sexually transmitted disease and a rise in teenage pregnancies (Measor et al 2000). There is some indication that social attitudes to smoking have changed (Moonie 2005) which is arguably, a positive development; some smokers report that they feel like social pariahs! The social change approach is underpinned by an acknowledgement of the complexity of what influences health- related behaviours and can be linked to the social model of health, discussed in para. 2, p.2. Specific health promotion methods are quite diverse including: giving information in a didactic manner, for example via talks to large groups; lobbying local health and Government authorities; making use of the mass media (for example there is currently a television information advertisement about the early signs of myocardial infarction); working with groups; teaching social or life skills that are related to health status; publicity events, e.g. health fairs; facilitating community groups; enforcing health regulation; one to one advice and education; networking and liaising with other workers; instructing on specific techniques, such as self-administration of insulin; facilitating self help groups and enabling health promotion by the provision of support services such as childcare and interpreting facilities (Naidoo and Wills 2000c). Most of these methods can be adapted for use with smoking cessation. The change strategies framework by Bennis (1976) can be applied to health behavioural change and is of particular relevance to anti- smoking legislation. It includes three strategies for bringing about change which are based on different assumptions about human behaviour, and which, when applied to health promotion, involve three distinctly different approaches. The first strategy (rational- empirical), is based on the supposition that ‘knowledge is power’. Within this strategy it is assumed that an individual will modify their health- related behaviour in response to receiving reliable and valid information. For example, if the government or a health professional issues advice about the dangers of smoking, the individual should reduce or cease their smoking habit. It is well- known that this often does not happen; even some health professionals smoke, despite their level of knowledge about the dangers (McKenna 2001). The reasons for this are usually related to dependenc e. It is also possible that human beings adopt Freudian mental defence mechanisms, which are maladaptive coping strategies used (in this instance) to circumvent evidence of the negative consequences of a health- related behaviour, such as smoking. These include denial, intellectualisation (which involves citing contradictory evidence), or rationalisation, among others (Lupton 1995). Resorting to these defences can undermine the power of knowledge and evidence, however valid and reliable it is. The second strategy (power- coercive) involves the use of legislation and policy change in order to enforce health- related change. A good example of this is the anti- smoking legislation referred to in paragraph 1, page 1. There is some evidence to demonstrate that no- smoking policies do have the effect of reducing smoking behaviour (Brigham et al 1994). There has been criticism of the legislation as it is seen by some as an infringement of the individual’s right to choose. However this view is countered by the argument that the health of non- smokers can be adversely affected by cigarette smoke, and these people have the right to be protected (HM Treasury 2004). It appears that many non- smokers feel that they should be safeguarded from the effects of passive smoking (Pilkington et al 2006). The first two strategies adopt a ‘top- down’ approach whereas the third strategy (normative- re-educative) is based on the assumption that an individual is more likely to change their health- related behaviour if they have had involvement in bringing about the change; if they feel empowered. This approach underpins some of the health promotion strategies referred to in para. 1 of this page; for example facilitating community groups. However as discussed earlier (para. 2, p.3), it seems likely that community participation and empowerment might be of limited value within certain groups, such as people who are disadvantaged or marginalised. In conclusion, it appears that a multi- faceted approach needs to be adopted in order to address health- behaviours which are harmful to health, in this instance smoking. The starting point is that there is incontrovertible evidence that smoking is harmful to health, and can lead to premature death, as cited in para.1, p.1. The question of whether we have the right to choose to smoke can be challenged because of the evidence- base that demonstrates that smoking can affect the health of others (para. 3, p. 4). However it is important to recognise that people who smoke need adequate support and resources in order to be able to stop. There is existing evidence that legislative and policy change can reduce smoking behaviours (para. 3, p.4) and it will be interesting to see the outcomes of the current legislation (para. 1, p. 1). However, smokers also need clear, unambiguous messages about the effects of smoking, consistent support from health professionals and accessible information abou t smoking cessation services (Kerr et al 2006). References Acheson D. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health: Report. London Stationery Office 1988. Action on Smoking and Health Factsheet No. 2. Smoking Statistics: Illness and Death. ASH 2005. Bennis et al The Planning of Change Holt Rinehart and Winston 1976 Brigham J, Gross J, Stitzer M and Felch L Effects of a restricted work-site smoking policy on employees who smoke. Am J Public Health. 84(5): 1994 pp. 773–778. Department of Health. Health Act 2006. Part 1 Chapter 1. 2006. Erben R, Franzkowiak P and Wenzel E. People empowerment vs. social capital: from health promotion to social marketing. Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 9(3) 2000 pp. 179-182 Gommans J, Bunton J and MacDonald G. Health Promotion: 2nd Edition. Routledge. 2005. p.189. Gulliford M, Sedgwick J and Pearce A. Cigarette smoking, health status, socio-economic status and access to health care in diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Service Research 2003 pp. 3: 4. Hanson Hoffman. Recovery from Smoking Second Edition: Quitting with the 12 Step Process Revised Second Edition. Hazelden. P.1 Kerr S, Watson H, Tolson D, Lough M and Brown M. Smoking after the age of 65 years: a qualitative exploration of older current and former smokers views on smoking, stopping smoking, and smoking cessation resources and services. Health and Social Care in the Community. 14(6) 2006 pp. 572-582, Laverack G. Health Promotion Practice: Building Empowered Communities. Sage publications. 2004. pp. 21, 22, 44. Lupton D. The Imperative of Health: public health and the regulated body. Sage Publications. 1995. p. 111. Mckenna H, Slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G. Qualified nurses smoking prevalence: their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 35(5). 2001. pp.769-75 McPherson K. Public health does not need to be led by doctors: for. BMJ. 30; 322(7302) 2001 p.3–1596. Measor L, Tiffin C and Miller K. Young Peoples Views on Sex Education: Education, Attitudes and Behaviour. Routledge 2000. p.4. Moonie N (Ed.) GCE AS Level Health and Social Care Double Award Book. Harcourt Heinemann. 2005. p.29 Naidoo J. Wills J. Health Promotion: foundations for practice (2nd edition). London, Baillià ¨re Tindall 2000. pp. 113 Pilkington P, Gray S. Gilmore and A. Daykin N. Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce: survey of London casino workers. Journal of Public Health. 28(2) 2006 pp.104-110 Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine addiction in Britain: A report of the Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. RCP 2000. Seedhouse D. Ethics: the heart of healthcare. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons.. 2002. Chapter 2 Tannahill A What is Health Promotion? Health Education Journal 44(4) 1985 pp. 167-8 Tones K and Green J Health Promotion: Planning and Strategies. Sage Publications. 2004. p. 16. Tones K and Tilford S. Health Promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. 2001. p. 28. Total word count 2752

Oculomotor Apraxia And School Failure Health And Social Care Essay

It is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxy, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, increased sensitiveness to ionising radiation, sensitivity to lymphoid malignances and a variable grade of immunodeficiency. The prevalence is estimated to be between 1:100,000 and 1:40,000 with both male and female topics being every bit affected. ‘ This status has several facets that are extremely of import to be recognized by the household pattern doctor. AT is n't a rare status, following to tumours of the posterior pit, it is the most common cause for progressive ataxy in kids younger than 10 old ages of age. 4 Another of import facet of this upset is its clinical, radiological and laboratorial unique characteristics doing this entity easy diagnosed on strictly clinical evidences, frequently by review entirely or by readily available diagnostic tools. 5 Finally, the immunodeficiency caused by this upset leads to a higher incidence of sinopulmonary infections. Therefore, it is of critical importance to every doctor to be cognizant of the increased photosensitivity and the possibility of lymphoid malignances. Herein we describe a typical instance of AT referent to a primary attention installation along with a description of the clinical, radiological and pathophysiological facets of this status that are of import to be recognized by the household pattern doctor. CASE REPORT A six-year-old male child was referred to pediatric consult by his instructor due to school failure and frequent episodes of falling during physical instruction categories. The patient was born to non-consanguineous parents, by normal bringing, with an uneventful gestational and neonatal history. His early development was normal and besides presented normal neuropsychomotor acquisitions. There was no household history of neurological diseases except for an aunt with the diagnosing of multiple induration. The patient was antecedently healthy, without clinical history of any medical conditions, having neither prescribed medicines nor nonprescription medicines. On physical scrutiny, he was noted to be in good overall status, but it was noted the presence of little conjunctivae and tegument telangiectasias on his ears ( Picture 1a-1b-1c ) PICTURE 1- PICTURE 1: A and B show oculocutaneous telangiectasias and C, a tegument telangiectasias on ears. The neurological scrutiny evidenced that the patient was to the full watchful and showing a thick explosive address. His motor scrutiny was notable for an atactic pace, mild dysmetria and dysdiadococinesia. The patient besides presented oculomotor-apraxia. The research lab scrutiny showed lift of serum? -fetoprotein ( AFP ) degrees 164.6 ng/mL ( mention scope & A ; lt ; 7 ng/mL ) and marks of immunodeficiency, with low degrees of Ig E ( IgE ) 0,16 IU/L ( mention scope 10-180 IU/L ) and immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) 14.1 mg/dL ( mention scope 86-320 mg/dL ) ; and degrees of Ig G ( IgG ) 667.8 mg/dL ( mention scope 656-1350 mg/dL ) and immunoglobulin M ( IgM ) 129.5 mg/dL ( mention scope 120-320 mg/dL ) within normal bounds. Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) was performed demoing marks of cerebellar wasting ( Picture 2 ) . Figure 2. Axial T2, axial FLAIR and coronal FLAIR MRI images show cerebellar cortical Atrophy, manifested as lessened cerebellar size, distension of the 4th ventricle and increased cerebellar folial prominence. The infirmary ‘s Ethics Committee approved this instance study and his parents gave informed consent for publication. Discussion The diagnosing of AT syndrome is foremost suspected in patients over one twelvemonth of age who show ataxia or important motor incoordination.6 It ‘s besides of import to observe that those symptoms of progressive incoordination may be misinterpreted as school failure due to progressive troubles in reading and in handwriting. Our patient was foremost referred by his physical instruction instructor for frequent fallings every bit good as by his school instructor due to composing troubles. As the disease evolves, extra clinical characteristics become evident such as deficiency of coordination of the caput and eyes in sidelong regard warp, optic and cutaneal telangiectasia, laboratory findings of elevated serum AFP, Ig lacks, chiefly of the IgA and IgG subclasses and MRI findings of cerebellar, and on occasion, vermian atrophy.7 On differential diagnosing, there are four well-known upsets that are characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxy, third cranial nerve apraxia, nonvoluntary motions, and peripheral neuropathy. They are autosomal recessionary diseases differentiated from each other based on clinical and laboratory characteristics ( Table 1 ) .6 Table 1. Clinical and biological forms of ataxy with third cranial nerve apraxia upsets ( adapted from Liu W et Al. ) ( 6 ) . & A ; lt ; 5 Old ages old ‘ 2 old ages old ‘ 7 old ages old ‘ 15 old ages old ‘ 5 old ages old AT is the most common of those upsets, with alone clinical form that make it comparatively easy to name entirely on clinical footing one time the neurodegeneration and optic telangiectasia have developed, and its diagnosing can be confirmed based on readily available tools such as AFP, Ig checks and MRI.7 Pathophysiologicaly, AT consequences from mutants in a individual cistron ( ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated ; ATM ) on chromosome 11, encoding a big protein ( ATM ) which is involved in mitogenic signal transduction, intracellular protein conveyance, and cell-cycle control. In the absence of ATM, the cell-cycle does non halt for repair double-stranded DNA interruptions, such as those caused by ionising radiation.8 Those mutants confer to patients with AT a high sensitiveness to radiation, increased susceptibleness to tumors, peculiarly lymphomas and leukaemia, every bit good as a variable grade of immunodeficiency. When present, the immunodeficiency may impact the humoral, cellular or both immune system taking to recurrent bacterial sinopulmonary infections.8 The sensitivity to recurrent sinopulmonary infections frequently leads to a higher exposure to radiation through X-ray tests in the ratings of pneumonia or sinusitis. It is of import, nevertheless, to be cognizant that this higher exposure to radiation may be straight related to a higher incidence of malignances. Cancer is up to two times more frequent in AT patients than in the general population, with leukaemia and lymphoma being peculiarly common. Even ATM-gene heterozygote mutants bearers may be at significantly increased hazard for chest malignant neoplastic diseases ( up to eight per centum of all instances of chest malignant neoplastic diseases in the United States ) .1-9 Furthermore, since patients with AT are allergic to ionising radiation, they may be, as good, allergic to radiomimetic drugs and be at hazard to out of the blue terrible toxic reactions to radiation or chemotherapy. 9 Decision We presented a typical instance of AT with classical clinical, research lab and neuroradiological presentation. The cognition of this status is of high importance for any physician due to its high incidence and variable clinical presentation, and particularly due to its clinical deductions over several medical fortes.

Explain Some Ways in Which Environment Can Be Structured...

Explain some ways in which environment can be structured to facilitate communication in children/ young people with SLCN Introduction. Speech, language and communication play a vital role in our lives. Without being able to talk to, and understand other people we can’t do things alike: Almost everything we do involves speech, language and or communication Children develop communication skills from birth. They rely on speech, language and communication to be able to learn at school and play with their friends. They need these skills to reach their full potential. Children begin to understand words before they can say them. They then learn how to say these words and how to put them together to make sentences. Some develop quickly,†¦show more content†¦These words and concepts are vital for making sense of new information or ideas that they are finding out about. Children and young people’s interactions at school with adults and their peers are crucial in supporting their learning. Research has shown that in areas of social disadvantage, at least 50% of children have delayed language. (Locke, A., Ginsborg, J., and Peers, I. 2002) however, it’s important to note that children and young people from all areas and backgrounds can have delayed language. Clinical Pragmatics reflects an emerging awareness that some communication difficulties could not be attributed to ‘purely’ linguistic problems. For a long time before that, practicing speech and language therapists had worked with children and adults whose primary difficulties seemed to lie with the understanding and/or production of connected discourse. (‘Relevance Theory and Communication Disorders’ Eeva Leinonen and Nuala Ryder, 2008.) Communication is the basis of our lives and we would in this day and age, be handicapped without it. Everyday we are communicating with each other in some way or another, be it by using words, actions or even expressions in conveying a message. Communication refers to the exchange of thoughts and ideas with the intention of conveying information. The purpose of communication is to convey ones beliefs, ideas, thoughts, or needs with clarity so as to reach a consensus or a mutually acceptableShow MoreRelatedSpeech Language and Communication Needs3936 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Communication is a two way process which allows us to express our thoughts and feelings to others, while allowing us in turn to understand what others are trying to convey to us. Communication involves speech and language (verbal) as well as facial expression, gesture and body language (non-verbal). Communication is an essential life skill for children and young people and it underpins their social, emotional and educational development. (Bercow 2008) To communicate effectively weRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesQUALIFICATION HANDBOOK Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) (3978-51/52/53/54/55/56) December 2011 Version 2.1 (July 2011) Qualification at a glance Subject area City Guilds number Age group approved Entry requirements Assessment Fast track Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (England) 3978 19+ There are no entry requirements Portfolio of Evidence, PracticalRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesQAA-recognised Access to H.E qualifications. The flexible and adult-friendly ethos of Ascentis has resulted in centres throughout the UK choosing to run its qualifications. Ascentis Contact Details Ascentis Office 4, Lancaster Business Park Mannin Way, Caton Road Lancaster LA1 3SW Tel: 01524 845046 www.ascentis.co.uk Company limited by guarantee. Registered in England and Wales No. 6799564. Registered Charity No. 1129180. O:\ASCENTIS\Programmes\Vocational\Educational and Training\Support StaffRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 PagesCACHE Qualification Specification CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) CACHE  © Copyright 2011 All rights reserved worldwide.    Reproduction by approved CACHE centres is permissible for internal use under the following conditions: CACHE has provided this Qualification Specification in Microsoft Word format to enable its Centres to use its content more flexibly within their own